Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine effect of autumn calcium (Ca) spray at a high rate on apple quality and storability. The investigation was carried out during 2005–2006 in Isparta district, Turkey, under semi-arid conditions, on mature ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees/M.9 EMLA, planted at a spacing of 3.5 × 1.5 m on fine-textured soil rich in Ca. The trees were sprayed with Ca in summer and/or in autumn, using organically complexed Ca to avoid possible leaf and fruit injuries. In autumn (10 days before harvest), the trees were sprayed with Ca at a rate of 8 kg ha−1. In summer, the another trees were sprayed with Ca six times at a rate of 1.5 kg ha−1 in each measure; the first spray treatment was performed 6 weeks after full bloom, and the others at 7–9 day intervals. The third part of the trees was sprayed with Ca in summer as well as in autumn, at the same terms and rates as given above. Trees unsprayed with Ca served as the control. It was found that Ca sprays in autumn or in summer plus in autumn damaged leaves; however those treatments did not caused defoliation. Calcium sprays had no effect on apple yield, mean fruit weight, fruit skin russeting, and firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest. Fruit flesh Ca concentrations of the control trees were high. However, the highest fruit Ca concentration was recorded on the trees sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn. Calcium sprays in summer or in autumn increased fruit Ca concentrations but their effects were weaker than summer plus autumn Ca applications. After 100 days of refrigerated air storage, soluble solids concentration of fruit did not differ between the studied combinations. Only apples sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn were firmer and contained more organic acids than the control fruit. During storage, there were neither pathogenic diseases nor physiological disorders. Based on the obtained results we conclude that Ca sprays in summer plus in autumn at high rate can prolong ‘Granny Smith’ apple storage even thought initial fruit Ca concentration is as high as 502–504 mg Ca kg−1 DW or 84.1–84.8 mg Ca kg−1 FW.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Ca sprays in autumn or in summer plus autumn damaged apple leaves.
- Taxon
- APPLE
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- GRANNY SMITHt0
- Treatment
- Ca sprays in autumn or in summer plus in autumne0
- Outcome
- damaged leavese0
- Comparator
- Trees unsprayed with Cae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE”
e1“Trees unsprayed with Ca served as the control”
e0“Ca sprays in autumn or in summer plus in autumn damaged leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Those Ca sprays did not cause defoliation of apple trees.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Material
- GRANNY SMITHt0
- Treatment
- Ca sprays in autumn or in summer plus in autumne0
- Outcome
- defoliatione0
- Comparator
- Trees unsprayed with Cae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE”
e1“Trees unsprayed with Ca served as the control”
e0“Ca sprays in autumn or in summer plus in autumn damaged leaves; however those treatments did not caused defoliation”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sprays had no effect on apple yield, mean fruit weight or fruit skin russeting at harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Calcium sprayse0
- Outcome
- apple yield, mean fruit weight, fruit skin russetinge0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Comparator
- Trees unsprayed with Cae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Trees unsprayed with Ca served as the control”
e0“Calcium sprays had no effect on apple yield, mean fruit weight, fruit skin russeting, and firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sprays had no effect on fruit firmness, soluble solids concentration or titratable acidity at harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Calcium sprayse0
- Outcome
- firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruit at harveste0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Comparator
- Trees unsprayed with Cae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Trees unsprayed with Ca served as the control”
e0“Calcium sprays had no effect on apple yield, mean fruit weight, fruit skin russeting, and firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest fruit Ca concentration was recorded on trees sprayed with Ca in summer plus autumn.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ca in summer plus in autumne0
- Outcome
- fruit Ca concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE”
e0“the highest fruit Ca concentration was recorded on the trees sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca sprays in summer or in autumn increased fruit Ca concentrations, but less than summer plus autumn applications.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Calcium sprays in summer or in autumne0
- Outcome
- fruit Ca concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- their effects were weaker than summer plus autumn Ca applicationse0
- Comparator
- Trees unsprayed with Cae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE”
e1“Trees unsprayed with Ca served as the control”
e0“Calcium sprays in summer or in autumn increased fruit Ca concentrations but their effects were weaker than summer plus autumn Ca applications”
Claim · model-written summary
After 100 days of refrigerated air storage, fruit soluble solids concentration did not differ between the Ca spray combinations.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- studied combinationse0
- Outcome
- soluble solids concentration of fruite0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Setting
- refrigerated air storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE”
e0“After 100 days of refrigerated air storage, soluble solids concentration of fruit did not differ between the studied combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
After storage, only apples sprayed with Ca in summer plus autumn were firmer and contained more organic acids than control fruit.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Ca in summer plus in autumne0
- Outcome
- firmer and contained more organic acidse0
- Direction
- firmer and contained moree0
- Comparator
- control fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only apples sprayed with Ca in summer plus in autumn were firmer and contained more organic acids than the control fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
During storage there were neither pathogenic diseases nor physiological disorders in the apples.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- neither pathogenic diseases nor physiological disorderse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“GRANNY SMITH’ APPLE”
e0“During storage, there were neither pathogenic diseases nor physiological disorders”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that Ca sprays in summer plus autumn at a high rate can prolong Granny Smith apple storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Ca sprays in summer plus in autumn at high ratee0
- Outcome
- prolong ‘Granny Smith’ apple storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca sprays in summer plus in autumn at high rate can prolong ‘Granny Smith’ apple storage”
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See all 116 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.