Abstract
Experiments were conducted to observe the effect of pre-harvest calcium (Ca) applied as calcium chloride (1% W/V) and postharvest hot water treatment (HWT) on “Royal Delicious” apples. For this, apples were divided in 4 lots viz., untreated (neither Ca nor HWT), Ca alone (pre-harvest 3 sprays of CaCl2 (1.0% w/v) in the orchard), HWT (42℃ for 2 h). Apples of all four lots were stored in cold storage maintained at 0℃ ± 1℃ and 90% - 95% relative humidity for 6 months. After storage, fruits were removed to ambient conditions for 5 days, and then observations on decay area and incidence, bitter pit incidence, fruit Ca content, lipoxygenase (LOX) and antioxidant (AOX) activity, fruit firmness and fruit quality parameters were recorded. After 6 months in cold storage plus 5 day at 22℃ ± 2℃ and 70% + 4% RH, apples, which received Ca as pre-harvest spray or those which received postharvest hot water treatment or Ca + HWT had significantly lesser decay area (decay lesions) caused by Penicillium expansum or Botrytis cinerea than untreated ones (control). Ca + HWT treatment was significantly more effective on B. cinerea than P. expansum. Untreated apples exhibited higher incidence of bitter pit (18.2%) than those treated with Ca or HWT or both. Fruit Ca content (2.92% DM) were significantly lower and conversely the LOX activity (6.9 μmoles min–1×g–1FW) was higher in untreated apples. Similarly, total phenolics and AOX activity were also lower in the untreated apples than Ca or HWT treated. HWT or Ca treated apples have beneficial effects on fruit firmness, peel colour and quality parameters like TSS and ascorbic acid content. Thus, it is concluded that pre-harvest sprays of calcium chloride with postharvest HWT is highly useful for “Royal Delicious” for reducing decay loss, maintaining firmness, high levels of antioxidants and fruit quality.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium treatment reduced Penicillium expansum decay lesions versus untreated apples.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- Ca as pre-harvest spraye0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- decay area (decay lesions)e0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Comparator
- untreated ones (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apples, which received Ca as pre-harvest spray or those which received postharvest hot water treatment or Ca + HWT had significantly lesser decay area (decay lesions) caused by Penicillium expansum or Botrytis cinerea than untreated ones (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium treatment reduced Botrytis cinerea decay lesions versus untreated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Ca as pre-harvest spraye0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- decay area (decay lesions)e0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Comparator
- untreated ones (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apples, which received Ca as pre-harvest spray or those which received postharvest hot water treatment or Ca + HWT had significantly lesser decay area (decay lesions) caused by Penicillium expansum or Botrytis cinerea than untreated ones (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water reduced Penicillium expansum decay lesions.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- postharvest hot water treatmente0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- decay area (decay lesions)e0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Comparator
- untreated ones (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apples, which received Ca as pre-harvest spray or those which received postharvest hot water treatment or Ca + HWT had significantly lesser decay area (decay lesions) caused by Penicillium expansum or Botrytis cinerea than untreated ones (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water reduced Botrytis cinerea decay lesions.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- postharvest hot water treatmente0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- decay area (decay lesions)e0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Comparator
- untreated ones (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apples, which received Ca as pre-harvest spray or those which received postharvest hot water treatment or Ca + HWT had significantly lesser decay area (decay lesions) caused by Penicillium expansum or Botrytis cinerea than untreated ones (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined calcium and hot water reduced Penicillium expansum decay lesions.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Ca + HWTe0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- decay area (decay lesions)e0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Comparator
- untreated ones (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apples, which received Ca as pre-harvest spray or those which received postharvest hot water treatment or Ca + HWT had significantly lesser decay area (decay lesions) caused by Penicillium expansum or Botrytis cinerea than untreated ones (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined calcium and hot water reduced Botrytis cinerea decay lesions.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Ca + HWTe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- decay area (decay lesions)e0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Comparator
- untreated ones (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apples, which received Ca as pre-harvest spray or those which received postharvest hot water treatment or Ca + HWT had significantly lesser decay area (decay lesions) caused by Penicillium expansum or Botrytis cinerea than untreated ones (control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment was more effective against Botrytis than Penicillium.
- Treatment
- Ca + HWT treatmente0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- effective on B. cinereae0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- P. expansume0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca + HWT treatment was significantly more effective on B. cinerea than P. expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated apples had higher bitter pit incidence, at 18.2%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Untreatede0
- Outcome
- incidence of bitter pite0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 18.2%e0
- Comparator
- those treated with Ca or HWT or bothe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Untreated apples exhibited higher incidence of bitter pit (18.2%) than those treated with Ca or HWT or both”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated apples had significantly lower calcium content, 2.92% DM.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- Fruit Ca contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 2.92% DMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit Ca content (2.92% DM) were significantly lower and conversely the LOX activity (6.9 μmoles min–1×g–1FW) was higher in untreated apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated apples had higher LOX activity, 6.9 μmoles min–1×g–1FW.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Gene
- LOXe0
- Outcome
- LOX activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6.9 μmoles min–1×g–1FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the LOX activity (6.9 μmoles min–1×g–1FW) was higher in untreated apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated apples had lower total phenolics than treated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- untreatede0
- Outcome
- total phenolicse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- Ca or HWT treatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolics and AOX activity were also lower in the untreated apples than Ca or HWT treated”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated apples had lower AOX activity than treated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- untreatede0
- Outcome
- AOX activitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- Ca or HWT treatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolics and AOX activity were also lower in the untreated apples than Ca or HWT treated”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water or calcium had beneficial effects on apple firmness and peel colour.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- HWT or Cae0
- Outcome
- fruit firmness, peel coloure0
- Direction
- beneficial effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HWT or Ca treated apples have beneficial effects on fruit firmness, peel colour and quality parameters like TSS and ascorbic acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water or calcium had beneficial effects on TSS and ascorbic acid content.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- HWT or Cae0
- Outcome
- TSS and ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- beneficial effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HWT or Ca treated apples have beneficial effects on fruit firmness, peel colour and quality parameters like TSS and ascorbic acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined calcium sprays and hot water for apple postharvest quality.
Verbatim
e0“pre-harvest sprays of calcium chloride with postharvest HWT is highly useful for “Royal Delicious” for reducing decay loss, maintaining firmness, high levels of antioxidants and fruit quality”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 38 papers →calcium atom · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
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See all 5 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.