Abstract
Summary The microbial population dynamics on apples cv. Golden Delicious were analysed every 15 days between bud and harvest in a fully replicated experiment in northern Spain in 1994 and 1995. The total microbial populations varied with developmental stage, and with prevailing climatic conditions. The predominant mycroflora were the filamentous fungi Cladosporium and Alternaria spp. and white and pink yeasts. Other genera isolated included mainly species of Epicoccum, Fusarium and Acremonium. However, the most important post‐harvest pathogens Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea were seldom isolated from ripening apples. Maximum total filamentous fungal populations occurred after fruit set and during early ripening [2 × 10 4 cfu (colony‐forming units) g ‐1 approximately] while those of bacteria were maximum at bud stage (3.5 × 10 5 and 3.0 × 10 4 cfu g ‐1 in 1994 and 1995 respectively). White yeasts were more numerous than pink yeasts. Endophytic infection of apple buds by Alternaria spp., responsible for core rot, was found in almost all bud tissue. By contrast, Cladosporium spp. were initially isolated later from 12.5–50% of tissue samples during blooming and fruit set. The impact of a four‐spray fungicide regime during apple development significantly decreased the total filamentous fungal populations in both years, and that of Cladosporium spp. in 1994. However, bacterial populations were often higher on apples from fungicide‐treated plots. Fungicide sprays decreased populations of Cladosporium, Alternaria and white yeasts for a maximum of up to 15–30 days after application. Fungicide application had little effect on endophytic infection of apples by Alternaria spp. between bud and harvest.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Total microbial populations varied with developmental stage and climatic conditions.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- developmental stagee0
- Outcome
- total microbial populationse0
- Setting
- prevailing climatic conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total microbial populations varied with developmental stage, and with prevailing climatic conditions.”
t0“Golden Delicious apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Cladosporium, Alternaria, and white and pink yeasts predominated in apple microflora.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Cladosporium
Cladosporiume0other - Outcome
- predominant mycroflorae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The predominant mycroflora were the filamentous fungi Cladosporium and Alternaria spp. and white and pink yeasts.”
t0“Golden Delicious apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea were seldom isolated from ripening apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- ripening applese0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Second interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- seldom isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea were seldom isolated from ripening apples.”
Claim · model-written summary
Total filamentous fungal populations peaked after fruit set and during early ripening at about 2 × 10 4 cfu g ‐1.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- after fruit set and during early ripeninge0
- Outcome
- total filamentous fungal populationse0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 2 × 10 4 cfu (colony‐forming units) g ‐1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum total filamentous fungal populations occurred after fruit set and during early ripening [2 × 10 4 cfu (colony‐forming units) g ‐1 approximately]”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial populations peaked at bud stage, with 3.5 × 10 5 cfu g ‐1 in 1994 and 3.0 × 10 4 cfu g ‐1 in 1995.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- bud stagee0
- Outcome
- bacteriae0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3.5 × 10 5 and 3.0 × 10 4 cfu g ‐1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of bacteria were maximum at bud stage (3.5 × 10 5 and 3.0 × 10 4 cfu g ‐1 in 1994 and 1995 respectively).”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
White yeasts were more numerous than pink yeasts.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- White yeastse0
- Direction
- more numerouse0
- Comparator
- pink yeastse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“White yeasts were more numerous than pink yeasts.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria infected almost all apple bud tissue endophytically.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- bud tissuee0
- Interactor
- Alternaria spp.
Alternariae0pathogen - Outcome
- Endophytic infectione0
- Qualifier
- almost alle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Endophytic infection of apple buds by Alternaria spp., responsible for core rot, was found in almost all bud tissue.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cladosporium was isolated from 12.5–50% of tissue samples during blooming and fruit set.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- during blooming and fruit sete0
- Interactor
- Cladosporium spp.Cladosporiume0other
- Outcome
- Cladosporium spp. were initially isolatede0
- Value
- 12.5–50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cladosporium spp. were initially isolated later from 12.5–50% of tissue samples during blooming and fruit set.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Four fungicide sprays significantly reduced total filamentous fungal populations in both years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- four‐spray fungicide regimee0
- Outcome
- total filamentous fungal populationse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a four‐spray fungicide regime during apple development significantly decreased the total filamentous fungal populations in both years”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide sprays significantly reduced Cladosporium populations in 1994.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fungicide applicationst0
- Interactor
- Cladosporium spp.Cladosporiume0other
- Outcome
- Cladosporium spp.e0
- Qualifier
- 1994e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and that of Cladosporium spp. in 1994.”
t0“Golden Delicious apples from bud to harvest and effect of fungicide applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial populations were often higher on fungicide-treated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- fungicide‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- bacterial populationse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial populations were often higher on apples from fungicide‐treated plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide sprays reduced Cladosporium, Alternaria, and white yeast populations for up to 15–30 days.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Fungicide sprayse0
- Outcome
- populations of Cladosporium, Alternaria and white yeastse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- up to 15–30 days after applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide sprays decreased populations of Cladosporium, Alternaria and white yeasts for a maximum of up to 15–30 days after application.”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide had little effect on endophytic Alternaria infection from bud to harvest.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Fungicide applicatione0
- Interactor
- Alternaria spp.Alternariae0pathogen
- Outcome
- endophytic infection of apples by Alternaria spp.e0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide application had little effect on endophytic infection of apples by Alternaria spp. between bud and harvest.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.