Abstract
The influence of two foliar applications of Phostrade Ca, which contains high concentrations of phosphorus and minor amounts of calcium and nitrogen, on color development and selected primary and secondary metabolites was investigated during advanced maturation of ‘Braeburn’ apple. Changes of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, dihydrochalcones, flavonols, and anthocyanins were monitored six times during the advanced ripening until technological maturity of the fruits. Additionally, the changes in the chromatic values a*, h°, and the lightness coefficient L* were recorded weekly. The colorimetric parameters showed a significant difference in the intensity of red coloration between the treated and untreated apples. Spraying with Phostrade Ca also resulted in a significant increase in most individual sugars, total sugars, and concentration of anthocyanins and flavonols. Moreover, the amount of phosphorus (P) in the treated leaves was increased. However, the total phenolic content and accumulation of other classes of flavonoids such as hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and dihydrochalcones were not influenced. Phostrade Ca treatment significantly increased dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and slightly flavanone-3-hydroxylase (FHT) activity, which were correlated with anthocyanin synthesis but had no effect on phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase (CHS/CHI) activity. The results indicate that two foliar applications of Phostrade Ca late in the growing season represent an effective way to improve the color of ‘Braeburn’ apples at commercial harvest.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Treated apples differed significantly from untreated apples in red coloration.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- treatede0
- Outcome
- intensity of red coloratione0
- Comparator
- untreated applese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The colorimetric parameters showed a significant difference in the intensity of red coloration between the treated and untreated apples.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phostrade Ca increased individual and total sugars in apples.
- Treatment
- Spraying with Phostrade Cae0
- Outcome
- most individual sugars, total sugarse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spraying with Phostrade Ca also resulted in a significant increase in most individual sugars, total sugars, and concentration of anthocyanins and flavonols.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phostrade Ca increased anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations.
- Treatment
- Spraying with Phostrade Cae0
- Outcome
- concentration of anthocyanins and flavonolse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spraying with Phostrade Ca also resulted in a significant increase in most individual sugars, total sugars, and concentration of anthocyanins and flavonols.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated leaves had increased phosphorus.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the amount of phosphorus (P) in the treated leaves was increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment did not influence total phenolic content or accumulation of the listed flavonoid classes.
- Outcome
- total phenolic content and accumulation of other classes of flavonoidse0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“However, the total phenolic content and accumulation of other classes of flavonoids such as hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and dihydrochalcones were not influenced.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment increased DFR activity significantly.
- Treatment
- Phostrade Ca treatmente0
- Gene
- dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR)e0
- Outcome
- dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Phostrade Ca treatment significantly increased dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and slightly flavanone-3-hydroxylase (FHT) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment slightly increased FHT activity.
- Treatment
- Phostrade Ca treatmente0
- Gene
- flavanone-3-hydroxylase (FHT)e0
- Outcome
- flavanone-3-hydroxylase (FHT) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- slightlye0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Phostrade Ca treatment significantly increased dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and slightly flavanone-3-hydroxylase (FHT) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment had no effect on PAL or CHS/CHI activity.
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase (CHS/CHI) activitye0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“but had no effect on phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase (CHS/CHI) activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
DFR and FHT activities were correlated with anthocyanin synthesis.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Phostrade Ca treatment significantly increased dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and slightly flavanone-3-hydroxylase (FHT) activity, which were correlated with anthocyanin synthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that two late season foliar applications improve commercial harvest color.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- two foliar applications of Phostrade Ca late in the growing seasone0
- Outcome
- improve the color of ‘Braeburn’ applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two foliar applications of Phostrade Ca late in the growing season represent an effective way to improve the color of ‘Braeburn’ apples at commercial harvest.”
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See all 49 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.