Abstract
This work focuses on the effects of different salinity and water inputs on the yield of artichoke Violetto di Provenza. Two years of experimental works had been carried out in a site in Southern Italy characterized by semi-arid climate and deep loam soil. Three salinity levels of irrigation water (S0, S1 and S2) with electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.5, 5 and 10 dS m-1, respectively, were combined with three water regimes (W1, W2 and W3) corresponding in that order to 20 40 and 60% of available water depletion. The overall results of the salinity tolerance are in agreement with those from the literature. However, an higher tolerance to salinity was demonstrated when crop was watered more frequently (at 20% of available water depletion) and a lower one when crop watering was performed less frequently (at 60% of available water depletion). The increase of salinity level reduced marketable yield (from 12.9 to 8.8 Mg ha-1), total heads (from 125,100 to 94,700 n ha-1) and heads mean weight (from 99.9 to 94.6 g), while increased heads dry matter (from 161.8 to 193.6 g kg-1 f.w.) and reduced edible parte percentage of heads (from 35.2 to 33.2 %). Watering regimes, as average of the salinity levels, affected total heads marketable yield (115,350 n ha-1 and 11.4 Mg ha-1 for W1 and W2, 105,900 n ha-1 and 10 Mg ha-1 for W3). In addition, different watering regimes affected the secondary heads yield for which it was reduced by 3% of mean weight. The effect of different watering regimes changed with various salinity levels. In condition of moderate salinity (S1), maximum water depletion fraction to preserve heads number and weight yield was 40 and 20% of total soil available water, respectively. However, with high salinity (S2), maximum water depletion fraction to keep unchanged heads number and weight yield was 20% for both. The level of soil salinity at beginning of the crop cycle favoured the incidence of head atrophy in the main heads produced in the second year.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Frequent irrigation increased artichoke salinity tolerance.
- Taxon
- Artichoke
Cynara cardunculus var. scolymust0 - Treatment
- watered more frequently (at 20% of available water depletion)e0
- Outcome
- tolerance to salinitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“an higher tolerance to salinity was demonstrated when crop was watered more frequently (at 20% of available water depletion)”
Claim · model-written summary
Less frequent irrigation lowered artichoke salinity tolerance.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- crop watering was performed less frequently (at 60% of available water depletion)e0
- Outcome
- a lower onee0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“a lower one when crop watering was performed less frequently (at 60% of available water depletion)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced marketable yield from 12.9 to 8.8 Mg ha-1.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- increase of salinity levele0
- Outcome
- marketable yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.9 to 8.8 Mg ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“The increase of salinity level reduced marketable yield (from 12.9 to 8.8 Mg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced total heads from 125,100 to 94,700 n ha-1.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- increase of salinity levele0
- Outcome
- total headse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 125,100 to 94,700 n ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“The increase of salinity level reduced marketable yield (from 12.9 to 8.8 Mg ha-1), total heads (from 125,100 to 94,700 n ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced mean head weight from 99.9 to 94.6 g.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- increase of salinity levele0
- Outcome
- heads mean weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 99.9 to 94.6 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“The increase of salinity level reduced marketable yield (from 12.9 to 8.8 Mg ha-1), total heads (from 125,100 to 94,700 n ha-1) and heads mean weight (from 99.9 to 94.6 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity increased head dry matter from 161.8 to 193.6 g kg-1 f.w.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- salinity levele0
- Outcome
- heads dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 161.8 to 193.6 g kg-1 f.w.e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“The increase of salinity level reduced marketable yield (from 12.9 to 8.8 Mg ha-1), total heads (from 125,100 to 94,700 n ha-1) and heads mean weight (from 99.9 to 94.6 g), while increased heads dry matter (from 161.8 to 193.6 g kg-1 f.w.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced edible head percentage from 35.2 to 33.2%.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Outcome
- edible parte percentage of headse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35.2 to 33.2 %e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“reduced edible parte percentage of heads (from 35.2 to 33.2 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
W1 and W2 produced 115,350 heads per hectare, versus 105,900 for W3.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- W1 and W2e0
- Outcome
- total headse0
- Direction
- affectede0
- Value
- 115,350 n ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- 105,900 n ha-1e0
- Comparator
- W3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“Watering regimes, as average of the salinity levels, affected total heads marketable yield (115,350 n ha-1 and 11.4 Mg ha-1 for W1 and W2, 105,900 n ha-1 and 10 Mg ha-1 for W3)”
Claim · model-written summary
W1 and W2 marketable yield was 11.4 Mg ha-1 versus 10 Mg ha-1 for W3.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- W1 and W2e0
- Outcome
- marketable yielde0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 11.4 Mg ha-1e0
- Qualifier
- 10 Mg ha-1e0
- Comparator
- W3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“Watering regimes, as average of the salinity levels, affected total heads marketable yield (115,350 n ha-1 and 11.4 Mg ha-1 for W1 and W2, 105,900 n ha-1 and 10 Mg ha-1 for W3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Watering regimes reduced secondary head mean weight by 3%.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- different watering regimese0
- Outcome
- secondary heads yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“different watering regimes affected the secondary heads yield for which it was reduced by 3% of mean weight”
Claim · model-written summary
At moderate salinity, depletion limits preserving head number and weight yield were 40 and 20%, respectively.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Outcome
- heads numbere0
- Value
- 40e0
- Qualifier
- moderate salinity (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“In condition of moderate salinity (S1), maximum water depletion fraction to preserve heads number and weight yield was 40 and 20% of total soil available water, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At moderate salinity, the depletion limit preserving head weight yield was 20%.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Outcome
- weight yielde0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- moderate salinity (S1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“In condition of moderate salinity (S1), maximum water depletion fraction to preserve heads number and weight yield was 40 and 20% of total soil available water, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At high salinity, the depletion limit preserving head number and weight yield was 20%.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Outcome
- heads number and weight yielde0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- high salinity (S2)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“with high salinity (S2), maximum water depletion fraction to keep unchanged heads number and weight yield was 20% for both”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial soil salinity favored main head atrophy in the second year.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Outcome
- incidence of head atrophye0
- Direction
- favourede0
- Qualifier
- main heads produced in the second yeare0
- Setting
- soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Artichoke”
e0“The level of soil salinity at beginning of the crop cycle favoured the incidence of head atrophy in the main heads produced in the second year”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.