Abstract
We identified a glycoside hydrolase family 12 (GH12) protein, XEG1, produced by the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae that exhibits xyloglucanase and β-glucanase activity. It acts as an important virulence factor during P. sojae infection but also acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in soybean (Glycine max) and solanaceous species, where it can trigger defense responses including cell death. GH12 proteins occur widely across microbial taxa, and many of these GH12 proteins induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. The PAMP activity of XEG1 is independent of its xyloglucanase activity. XEG1 can induce plant defense responses in a BAK1-dependent manner. The perception of XEG1 occurs independently of the perception of ethylene-inducing xylanase. XEG1 is strongly induced in P. sojae within 30 min of infection of soybean and then slowly declines. Both silencing and overexpression of XEG1 in P. sojae severely reduced virulence. Many P. sojae RXLR effectors could suppress defense responses induced by XEG1, including several that are expressed within 30 min of infection. Therefore, our data suggest that PsXEG1 contributes to P. sojae virulence, but soybean recognizes PsXEG1 to induce immune responses, which in turn can be suppressed by RXLR effectors. XEG1 thus represents an apoplastic effector that is recognized via the plant's PAMP recognition machinery.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
XEG1 had xyloglucanase and β-glucanase activity.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Interactor
- Phytophthora sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Gene
- XEG1e0
- Outcome
- xyloglucanase and β-glucanase activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“XEG1, produced by the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae that exhibits xyloglucanase and β-glucanase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
XEG1 was an important virulence factor in P. sojae infection.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Gene
- XEG1e1
- Outcome
- important virulence factore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It acts as an important virulence factor during P. sojae infection”
t0“Soybean Infection”
t1“A Phytophthora sojae Glycoside Hydrolase 12 Protein Is a Major Virulence Factor during Soybean Infection”
e1“a glycoside hydrolase family 12 (GH12) protein, XEG1”
Claim · model-written summary
Many microbial GH12 proteins induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- GH12 proteinse0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“many of these GH12 proteins induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
XEG1 PAMP activity did not depend on its xyloglucanase activity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- XEG1e0
- Outcome
- PAMP activitye0
- Qualifier
- independent of its xyloglucanase activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PAMP activity of XEG1 is independent of its xyloglucanase activity”
t0“Soybean Infection”
Claim · model-written summary
XEG1 induced plant defense responses in a BAK1-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- BAK1e0
- Outcome
- plant defense responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“XEG1 can induce plant defense responses in a BAK1-dependent manner”
t0“Soybean Infection”
Claim · model-written summary
XEG1 perception was independent of ethylene-inducing xylanase perception.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- XEG1e0
- Outcome
- perception of XEG1e0
- Qualifier
- independently of the perception of ethylene-inducing xylanasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The perception of XEG1 occurs independently of the perception of ethylene-inducing xylanase”
t0“Soybean Infection”
Claim · model-written summary
XEG1 expression in P. sojae rose within 30 minutes of soybean infection, then declined.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Gene
- XEG1e0
- Outcome
- XEG1e0
- Direction
- strongly inducede0
- Qualifier
- within 30 min of infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“XEG1 is strongly induced in P. sojae within 30 min of infection of soybean and then slowly declines”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing XEG1 in P. sojae severely reduced virulence.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- silencinge0
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Gene
- XEG1e0
- Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both silencing and overexpression of XEG1 in P. sojae severely reduced virulence”
t0“Soybean Infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of XEG1 in P. sojae severely reduced virulence.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- overexpression of XEG1e0
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Gene
- XEG1e0
- Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both silencing and overexpression of XEG1 in P. sojae severely reduced virulence”
t0“Soybean Infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Many P. sojae RXLR effectors suppressed defense responses induced by XEG1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Gene
- RXLR effectorse0
- Outcome
- defense responses induced by XEG1e0
- Direction
- suppresse0
- Qualifier
- within 30 min of infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Many P. sojae RXLR effectors could suppress defense responses induced by XEG1, including several that are expressed within 30 min of infection”
t0“Soybean Infection”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · Phytophthora sojae · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
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See all 24 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.