Abstract
Abstract Three row spacings and two planting dates for peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., were examined in 1993 and 1994 to determine the influence of the canopy environment on lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), other arthropods, and alflatoxigenic fungi. Climatically, 1993 and 1994 were disparate years. Decreasing row spacing increased relative leaf area and light interception by the canopy but, compared to difference between planting dates or years, had a relatively small impact on soil temperatures and relative humidity within the canopy. Late planting produced smaller plants, retarded canopy development, and reduced yield in both years, but especially in 1993 when it was hot and dry. The wide row spacing did not yield as well as twin and normal row spacings in either year. Lesser cornstalk borer damage and aflatoxin concentration were higher in the late planting than in the early planting of 1993, but were unaffected by row spacing. Fewer predatory arthropods were caught as row spacing decreased in both beat and pitfall samples, but planting date had variable effects. Prevailing climatic conditions and planting date appeared to be more important in influencing the canopy environment and pest densities than was row spacing.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Decreasing row spacing increased relative leaf area and canopy light interception.
- Taxon
- peanuts
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- Decreasing row spacinge0
- Outcome
- relative leaf area and light interception by the canopye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreasing row spacing increased relative leaf area and light interception by the canopy”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Row spacing had a relatively small effect on soil temperature and canopy humidity compared with planting date or year.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- row spacinge1
- Outcome
- soil temperatures and relative humidity within the canopye0
- Direction
- relatively small impacte0
- Comparator
- planting dates or yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to difference between planting dates or years, had a relatively small impact on soil temperatures and relative humidity within the canopy.”
t0“Peanuts”
e1“Decreasing row spacing increased relative leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Late planting produced smaller plants and retarded canopy development.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Late plantinge0
- Outcome
- smaller plants, retarded canopy developmente0
- Direction
- smallere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late planting produced smaller plants, retarded canopy development”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Late planting reduced yield in both years, especially in hot, dry 1993.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Late plantinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- especially in 1993 when it was hot and drye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Late planting produced smaller plants, retarded canopy development, and reduced yield in both years, but especially in 1993 when it was hot and dry.”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Wide row spacing yielded less than twin and normal spacing in both years.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- wide row spacinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not yield as welle0
- Comparator
- twin and normal row spacingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The wide row spacing did not yield as well as twin and normal row spacings in either year.”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Late planting increased lesser cornstalk borer damage in 1993 relative to early planting.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- late plantinge0
- Interactor
- Lesser cornstalk borere0pest
- Outcome
- Lesser cornstalk borer damagee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- early plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lesser cornstalk borer damage and aflatoxin concentration were higher in the late planting than in the early planting of 1993”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Late planting increased aflatoxin concentration in 1993 relative to early planting.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- late plantinge0
- Outcome
- aflatoxin concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- early plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lesser cornstalk borer damage and aflatoxin concentration were higher in the late planting than in the early planting of 1993”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Row spacing did not affect lesser cornstalk borer damage or aflatoxin concentration.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- row spacinge0
- Interactor
- Lesser cornstalk borere0pest
- Outcome
- Lesser cornstalk borer damage and aflatoxin concentratione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lesser cornstalk borer damage and aflatoxin concentration were higher in the late planting than in the early planting of 1993, but were unaffected by row spacing.”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Fewer predatory arthropods were captured as row spacing decreased in beat and pitfall samples.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- row spacing decreasede0
- Interactor
- predatory arthropodse0other
- Outcome
- predatory arthropods were caughte0
- Direction
- Fewere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fewer predatory arthropods were caught as row spacing decreased in both beat and pitfall samples”
t0“Peanuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting date had variable effects on predatory arthropod captures.
- Taxon
- peanutsArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- planting datee0
- Interactor
- predatory arthropodse1other
- Outcome
- predatory arthropodse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“planting date had variable effects.”
t0“Peanuts”
e1“Fewer predatory arthropods were caught”
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