Abstract
Geminivirus infection often causes severe vein clearing symptoms in hosts. Recently a betasatellite has emerged as a key regulator of symptom induction. To understand the host-betasatellite interactions in the process of symptom development, a systematic study was carried out involving symptoms induced by a betasatellite associated with radish leaf curl disease (RaLCB) in Nicotiana benthamiana. It has been found that βC1 protein localized to chloroplasts of host cells, and RaLCB lacking βC1, which failed to produce symptoms, had no effect on chloroplast ultrastructure. Vein flecking induced by transiently expressed βC1 was associated with chloroplast ultrastructure. In addition, the betasatellite down-regulates expression of genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis as well as genes involved in chloroplast development and plastid translocation. Interestingly, the expression of key host genes involved in chlorophyll degradation remains unaffected. Betasatellite infection drastically reduced the numbers of active reaction centres and the plastoquinol pool size in leaves exhibiting vein clearing symptoms. Betasatellite-mediated impediments at different stages of chloroplast functionality affect the photosynthetic efficiency of N. benthamiana. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first evidence of a chloroplast-targeting protein encoded by a DNA virus which induces vein clearing and structurally and functionally damages chloroplasts in plants.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
βC1 localized to host-cell chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae1 - Organ / stage
- chloroplastse0
- Gene
- βC1e0
- Outcome
- localized to chloroplasts of host cellse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“βC1 protein localized to chloroplasts of host cells”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
RaLCB lacking βC1 failed to produce symptoms.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- RaLCBe0pathogen
- Gene
- βC1e0
- Outcome
- failed to produce symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RaLCB lacking βC1, which failed to produce symptoms”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
RaLCB lacking βC1 had no effect on chloroplast ultrastructure.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- RaLCB lacking βC1e0
- Interactor
- RaLCBe0pathogen
- Outcome
- chloroplast ultrastructuree0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RaLCB lacking βC1, which failed to produce symptoms, had no effect on chloroplast ultrastructure”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient βC1 expression induced vein flecking associated with chloroplast ultrastructure.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Organ / stage
- chloroplast ultrastructuree0
- Gene
- βC1e0
- Outcome
- Vein fleckinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vein flecking induced by transiently expressed βC1 was associated with chloroplast ultrastructure”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Betasatellite reduced expression of chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development genes.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- betasatellitee0
- Interactor
- betasatelliteBetasatellitee0pathogen
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesise0
- Direction
- down-regulatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the betasatellite down-regulates expression of genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis as well as genes involved in chloroplast development and plastid translocation”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of key chlorophyll degradation genes remained unaffected.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae2
- Treatment
- Betasatellite infectione1
- Outcome
- expression of key host genes involved in chlorophyll degradatione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of key host genes involved in chlorophyll degradation remains unaffected”
e1“Betasatellite infection”
e2“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Betasatellite infection reduced active reaction centres in symptomatic leaves.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Betasatellite infectione0
- Outcome
- numbers of active reaction centrese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Betasatellite infection drastically reduced the numbers of active reaction centres and the plastoquinol pool size in leaves exhibiting vein clearing symptoms”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Betasatellite infection reduced plastoquinol pool size in symptomatic leaves.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Betasatellite infectione0
- Outcome
- plastoquinol pool sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Betasatellite infection drastically reduced the numbers of active reaction centres and the plastoquinol pool size in leaves exhibiting vein clearing symptoms”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Betasatellite-mediated chloroplast impairments affected photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- impediments at different stages of chloroplast functionalitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Betasatellite-mediated impediments at different stages of chloroplast functionality affect the photosynthetic efficiency of N. benthamiana”
The same questions in other papers
infection · growth · Nicotiana benthamianaPositive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →infection · molecular: expression · Nicotiana benthamianaPositive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.