Abstract
Three fungicides (chlorothalonil, difenoconazole and mancozeb) at three concentrations: 1⁄2 lower than recommended rate, recommended rate and 1⁄2 higher than recommended rate, were tested on efficacy to inhibit growth of different Exserohilum turcicum isolates: MHP5, TN3, MJ4, JT4 and JT5, using the poisoned medium method. Results showed that all concentrations of the two contact fungicides, chlorothalonil and mancozeb, gave 100% growth inhibition to all five isolates. Whereas difenoconazole showed 100% growth inhibition in isolates MHP5, TN3 and MJ4 at all three concentrations but gave about 90% in JT4 and about 94-96% in JT5. A field trial on efficacy of the three fungicides at recommended rates was carried out in comparison with two antagonists: Trichoderma harzianum and Serratia plymutica in controlling northern corn leaf blight disease. Hibrix3 sweet corn plants (23 days old) were inoculated with E. turcicum (10 spore/ml) at either 3 d or 7 d after spraying with the fungicides and antagonists. Results revealed that both fungicides and antagonists gave high percentages of disease severity reduction at 10 d after inoculation of 89.58% (difenoconazole), 85.40% (T. harzianum), 79.84% (chlorothalonil), 77.78% (S. plymutica),and 75.69% (mancozeb), when sprayed 3 d before inoculation with the pathogen. The efficacies were increased in the corn plants that were sprayed at 7 d before inoculation, giving severity reductions of 92.35% (chlorothalonil), 91.66% (T. harzianum), 90.55% (S. plymutica), 89.85% (difenoconazole), and 86.11% (mancozeb). Disease control decreased at 20 d after inoculation but was still significant. Though the difenoconazole showed highest reduction percentages while mancozeb came second when applied at 3 or 7 d before pathogen inoculation, whereas disease reduction by both antagonists ranged from 62% to 70% which are lower than the chemical fungicides, anyhow there was no any statistical difference among the treatments.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil fully inhibited growth of five E. turcicum isolates in vitro.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- chlorothalonile0
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicum
Exserohilum turcicume1pathogene0 - Outcome
- growth inhibition to all five isolatese0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that all concentrations of the two contact fungicides, chlorothalonil and mancozeb, gave 100% growth inhibition to all five isolates.”
t0“Corn”
e1“Exserohilum turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb fully inhibited growth of five E. turcicum isolates in vitro.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- mancozebe0
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- growth inhibition to all five isolatese0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that all concentrations of the two contact fungicides, chlorothalonil and mancozeb, gave 100% growth inhibition to all five isolates.”
t0“Corn”
e1“Exserohilum turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole fully inhibited growth of MHP5, TN3 and MJ4 isolates.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- growth inhibition in isolates MHP5, TN3 and MJ4e0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas difenoconazole showed 100% growth inhibition in isolates MHP5, TN3 and MJ4 at all three concentrations but gave about 90% in JT4 and about 94-96% in JT5.”
t0“Corn”
e1“Exserohilum turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole inhibited JT4 growth by about 90%.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- JT4e0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- about 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas difenoconazole showed 100% growth inhibition in isolates MHP5, TN3 and MJ4 at all three concentrations but gave about 90% in JT4 and about 94-96% in JT5.”
t0“Corn”
e1“Exserohilum turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole inhibited JT5 growth by about 94-96%.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- JT5e0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- about 94-96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas difenoconazole showed 100% growth inhibition in isolates MHP5, TN3 and MJ4 at all three concentrations but gave about 90% in JT4 and about 94-96% in JT5.”
t0“Corn”
e1“Exserohilum turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole applied three days before inoculation reduced disease severity by 89.58%.
- Taxon
- sweet cornt0
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 89.58%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed 3 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that both fungicides and antagonists gave high percentages of disease severity reduction at 10 d after inoculation of 89.58% (difenoconazole), 85.40% (T. harzianum), 79.84% (chlorothalonil), 77.78% (S. plymutica),and 75.69% (mancozeb), when sprayed 3 d before inoculation with the pathogen.”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum applied three days before inoculation reduced disease severity by 85.40%.
- Taxon
- sweet cornt0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 85.40%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed 3 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that both fungicides and antagonists gave high percentages of disease severity reduction at 10 d after inoculation of 89.58% (difenoconazole), 85.40% (T. harzianum), 79.84% (chlorothalonil), 77.78% (S. plymutica),and 75.69% (mancozeb), when sprayed 3 d before inoculation with the pathogen.”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil applied three days before inoculation reduced disease severity by 79.84%.
- Taxon
- sweet cornt0
- Treatment
- chlorothalonile0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 79.84%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed 3 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that both fungicides and antagonists gave high percentages of disease severity reduction at 10 d after inoculation of 89.58% (difenoconazole), 85.40% (T. harzianum), 79.84% (chlorothalonil), 77.78% (S. plymutica),and 75.69% (mancozeb), when sprayed 3 d before inoculation with the pathogen.”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
S. plymutica applied three days before inoculation reduced disease severity by 77.78%.
- Taxon
- sweet cornt0
- Treatment
- S. plymuticae0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Second interactor
- S. plymuticae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 77.78%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed 3 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that both fungicides and antagonists gave high percentages of disease severity reduction at 10 d after inoculation of 89.58% (difenoconazole), 85.40% (T. harzianum), 79.84% (chlorothalonil), 77.78% (S. plymutica),and 75.69% (mancozeb), when sprayed 3 d before inoculation with the pathogen.”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb applied three days before inoculation reduced disease severity by 75.69%.
- Taxon
- sweet cornt0
- Treatment
- mancozebe0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 75.69%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed 3 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that both fungicides and antagonists gave high percentages of disease severity reduction at 10 d after inoculation of 89.58% (difenoconazole), 85.40% (T. harzianum), 79.84% (chlorothalonil), 77.78% (S. plymutica),and 75.69% (mancozeb), when sprayed 3 d before inoculation with the pathogen.”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil applied seven days before inoculation reduced severity by 92.35%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- chlorothalonile0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 92.35%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed at 7 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The efficacies were increased in the corn plants that were sprayed at 7 d before inoculation, giving severity reductions of 92.35% (chlorothalonil), 91.66% (T. harzianum), 90.55% (S. plymutica), 89.85% (difenoconazole), and 86.11% (mancozeb).”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum applied seven days before inoculation reduced severity by 91.66%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- T. harzianume0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 91.66%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed at 7 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The efficacies were increased in the corn plants that were sprayed at 7 d before inoculation, giving severity reductions of 92.35% (chlorothalonil), 91.66% (T. harzianum), 90.55% (S. plymutica), 89.85% (difenoconazole), and 86.11% (mancozeb).”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
S. plymutica applied seven days before inoculation reduced severity by 90.55%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- S. plymuticae0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Second interactor
- S. plymuticae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 90.55%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed at 7 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The efficacies were increased in the corn plants that were sprayed at 7 d before inoculation, giving severity reductions of 92.35% (chlorothalonil), 91.66% (T. harzianum), 90.55% (S. plymutica), 89.85% (difenoconazole), and 86.11% (mancozeb).”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole applied seven days before inoculation reduced severity by 89.85%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 89.85%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed at 7 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The efficacies were increased in the corn plants that were sprayed at 7 d before inoculation, giving severity reductions of 92.35% (chlorothalonil), 91.66% (T. harzianum), 90.55% (S. plymutica), 89.85% (difenoconazole), and 86.11% (mancozeb).”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb applied seven days before inoculation reduced severity by 86.11%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- mancozebe0
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume1pathogene0
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 86.11%e0
- Qualifier
- sprayed at 7 d before inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The efficacies were increased in the corn plants that were sprayed at 7 d before inoculation, giving severity reductions of 92.35% (chlorothalonil), 91.66% (T. harzianum), 90.55% (S. plymutica), 89.85% (difenoconazole), and 86.11% (mancozeb).”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease control declined by 20 days after inoculation but remained significant.
Verbatim
e0“Disease control decreased at 20 d after inoculation but was still significant.”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 days, antagonists reduced disease by 62% to 70%, below chemical fungicides, without statistically detectable treatment differences.
Verbatim
e0“Though the difenoconazole showed highest reduction percentages while mancozeb came second when applied at 3 or 7 d before pathogen inoculation, whereas disease reduction by both antagonists ranged from 62% to 70% which are lower than the chemical fungicides, anyhow there was no any statistical difference among the treatments.”
t0“sweet corn plants”
e1“E. turcicum”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma harzianum · Exserohilum turcicum · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
difenoconazole · Exserohilum turcicum · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
mancozeb · Exserohilum turcicum · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.