Abstract
Volatile emissions and chlorophyll fluorescence were investigated as potential signals of heat injury for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit. `McIntosh', `Cortland', `Jonagold', and `Northern Spy' apples were exposed to 46 °C for 0, 4, 8, or 12 hours (heat treatments). Following treatments, fruit were kept at 20 °C and evaluated after 1, 2, 4, or 7 days. Heat treatments induced volatile production including ethanol and ethyl acetate. The 8 and 12 hours heat treatments increased ethanol and ethyl acetate production in all four cultivars by as much as 170- and 11-fold, respectively, 1 day after treatments. Heat treatments also reduced ethylene production and chlorophyll fluorescence. Heat for 12 hours caused serious flesh browning. Among the cultivars investigated, `Northern Spy' and `McIntosh' were most susceptible to heat stress based on the degree of flesh browning. Correlation coefficients of heat stress induced ethanol emission and chlorophyll fluorescence with flesh browning were 0.82 and -0.66, respectively. The nondestructive measurements of ethanol emission and chlorophyll fluorescence have potential to identify stressed fruit with reduced quality or compromised storage life.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatments induced volatile production in apple fruit, including ethanol and ethyl acetate.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- Heat treatmentse1
- Outcome
- volatile productione1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit”
e1“Heat treatments induced volatile production including ethanol and ethyl acetate”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat at 8 and 12 hours increased ethanol and ethyl acetate production in apple fruit of all four cultivars.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 8 and 12 hours heat treatmentse2
- Outcome
- ethanol and ethyl acetate productione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 170- and 11-folde2
- Qualifier
- in all four cultivarse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit”
e2“The 8 and 12 hours heat treatments increased ethanol and ethyl acetate production in all four cultivars by as much as 170- and 11-fold, respectively, 1 day after treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatments reduced ethylene production and chlorophyll fluorescence in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Heat treatmentse3
- Outcome
- ethylene production and chlorophyll fluorescencee3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit”
e3“Heat treatments also reduced ethylene production and chlorophyll fluorescence”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat for 12 hours caused serious flesh browning in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Heat for 12 hourse4
- Outcome
- flesh browninge4
- Qualifier
- seriouse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit”
e4“Heat for 12 hours caused serious flesh browning”
Claim · model-written summary
Northern Spy was the most susceptible apple cultivar to heat stress based on flesh browning.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Northern Spye5
- Treatment
- heat stresse5
- Outcome
- degree of flesh browninge5
- Direction
- higherinferrede5
- Comparator
- Among the cultivars investigatede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit”
e5“Among the cultivars investigated, `Northern Spy' and `McIntosh' were most susceptible to heat stress based on the degree of flesh browning”
Claim · model-written summary
McIntosh was the most susceptible apple cultivar to heat stress based on flesh browning.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- McIntoshe5
- Treatment
- heat stresse5
- Outcome
- degree of flesh browninge5
- Direction
- higherinferrede5
- Comparator
- Among the cultivars investigatede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit”
e5“Among the cultivars investigated, `Northern Spy' and `McIntosh' were most susceptible to heat stress based on the degree of flesh browning”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol emission under heat stress correlated with flesh browning in apple fruit, with a coefficient of 0.82.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- heat stresse6
- Compound
- ethanole6
- Outcome
- flesh browninge6
- Value
- 0.82e6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit”
e6“Correlation coefficients of heat stress induced ethanol emission and chlorophyll fluorescence with flesh browning were 0.82 and -0.66, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll fluorescence under heat stress correlated with flesh browning in apple fruit, with a coefficient of -0.66.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- heat stresse6
- Outcome
- flesh browninge6
- Value
- -0.66e6
- Qualifier
- chlorophyll fluorescencee6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit”
e6“Correlation coefficients of heat stress induced ethanol emission and chlorophyll fluorescence with flesh browning were 0.82 and -0.66, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nondestructive measurements of ethanol emission and chlorophyll fluorescence may identify apple fruit with reduced quality or compromised storage life.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- identify stressed fruite7
- Qualifier
- with reduced quality or compromised storage lifee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for apple [ Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit”
e7“The nondestructive measurements of ethanol emission and chlorophyll fluorescence have potential to identify stressed fruit with reduced quality or compromised storage life”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.