Abstract
Increasing fruit crop production sustainability under climate change, particularly increasing temperatures, is a major challenge in modern agriculture. High temperatures affect apple fruit quality and decrease its color. Herein, we constructed an experimental field under temperature simulation to evaluate climate change mitigation strategies for apples. ‘Hongro’ apples were subjected to three treatments: (1) cultivation inside a vinyl house for heat treatment (heat induction), (2) cultivation under water irrigation (heat reduction), and (3) cultivation under normal atmospheric temperature (control). At harvest, the fruits of the heat treatment group exhibited poor coloration, with a lower gene expression and pigment accumulation than those of the water irrigation and control groups. Furthermore, the fruit quality of the heat treatment group decreased, with a lower soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), and smaller fruits. Additionally, a higher fruit disorder (cracking and spots) ratio was observed in the heat treatment group than in the water irrigation and control groups. However, the fruits of the water irrigation group exhibited higher quality indexes (flesh firmness, SSC, and TA) and less cracking than those of the heat treatment and control groups. Heat reduction, including water irrigation, may be used for orchard management to prevent climate change-induced increasing temperatures.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-treated Hongro apples had poor coloration compared with the water irrigation and control groups.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- ‘Hongro’t0
- Treatment
- heat treatment groupe1
- Outcome
- coloratione1
- Direction
- poore1
- Comparator
- water irrigation and control groupse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e1“the fruits of the heat treatment group exhibited poor coloration, with a lower gene expression and pigment accumulation than those of the water irrigation and control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression was lower in the heat treatment group than in the water irrigation and control groups.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Hongro’t0
- Treatment
- heat treatment groupe1
- Outcome
- gene expressione1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- water irrigation and control groupse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e1“the fruits of the heat treatment group exhibited poor coloration, with a lower gene expression and pigment accumulation than those of the water irrigation and control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigment accumulation was lower in the heat treatment group than in the water irrigation and control groups.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Hongro’t0
- Treatment
- heat treatment groupe1
- Outcome
- pigment accumulatione1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- water irrigation and control groupse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e1“the fruits of the heat treatment group exhibited poor coloration, with a lower gene expression and pigment accumulation than those of the water irrigation and control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble solid content was lower in the heat treatment group.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Hongro’t0
- Treatment
- heat treatment groupe2
- Outcome
- soluble solid content (SSC)e2
- Direction
- lowere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e2“the fruit quality of the heat treatment group decreased, with a lower soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), and smaller fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Titratable acidity was lower in the heat treatment group.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Hongro’t0
- Treatment
- heat treatment groupe2
- Outcome
- titratable acidity (TA)e2
- Direction
- lowere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e2“the fruit quality of the heat treatment group decreased, with a lower soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), and smaller fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruits were smaller in the heat treatment group.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Hongro’t0
- Treatment
- heat treatment groupe2
- Outcome
- fruitse2
- Direction
- smallere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e2“the fruit quality of the heat treatment group decreased, with a lower soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), and smaller fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit disorder ratio (cracking and spots) was higher in the heat treatment group.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Hongro’t0
- Treatment
- heat treatment groupe3
- Outcome
- fruit disorder (cracking and spots) ratioe3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- water irrigation and control groupse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e3“a higher fruit disorder (cracking and spots) ratio was observed in the heat treatment group than in the water irrigation and control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Water irrigation raised flesh firmness, soluble solid content and titratable acidity indexes.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Hongro’t0
- Treatment
- water irrigation groupe4
- Outcome
- quality indexes (flesh firmness, SSC, and TA)e4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- heat treatment and control groupse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e4“the fruits of the water irrigation group exhibited higher quality indexes (flesh firmness, SSC, and TA) and less cracking than those of the heat treatment and control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Water irrigation reduced fruit cracking compared with heat treatment and control.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Hongro’t0
- Treatment
- water irrigation groupe4
- Outcome
- crackinge4
- Direction
- lesse4
- Comparator
- heat treatment and control groupse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e4“the fruits of the water irrigation group exhibited higher quality indexes (flesh firmness, SSC, and TA) and less cracking than those of the heat treatment and control groups”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat reduction by water irrigation may be used for orchard management to prevent climate change-induced temperature increases.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- water irrigatione5
- Outcome
- orchard managemente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“‘Hongro’ Apples”
e5“Heat reduction, including water irrigation, may be used for orchard management to prevent climate change-induced increasing temperatures”
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