Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions limit crop yield and better understanding of plant response to stress will assist the development of more tolerant cultivars. Maize and common bean plantlets were evaluated under salinity, high temperature, drought and waterlogged conditions to identify biochemical markers which could be useful for rapid identification of putative stress tolerant plants. The levels of phenolics (free, cell wall-linked, total), aldehydes including malondialdehyde andchlorophylls (a, b, total) were measured on stressed plantlets. Only two indicators were statistically non-significant: chlorophyll b in maize plantlets stressed with sodium chloride and malondialdehyde content in drought stressed maize. The most remarkable effects of abiotic stresses can be summarized as follows: (i) salinity increased levels of free phenolics in maize plantlets and chlorophylls (a, b, total) in common bean; (ii) high temperature (40 °C) elevated levels of chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize but decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) and free phenolics in common bean; (iii) drought increased phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize and increased chlorophyll pigments (a, b, total) in common bean; (iv) waterlogging increased free phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize and increased chlorophyll (a, total) incommon bean. Free phenolics and chlorophylls, especially a, were the most responsive indicators to stress and can, therefore, be considered putative biochemical markers for abiotic stress tolerance in maize and common bean. The use of Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis to differentiate non-stressed and stressed plants in breeding programs is also a novel aspect of this report. Fisher’s linear discriminant functions classified correctly 100% of non-stressed or stressed originally grouped plants.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Maize chlorophyll b response to sodium chloride was statistically nonsignificant.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll b in maize plantlets stressed with sodium chloride”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize malondialdehyde response to drought was statistically nonsignificant.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde content in drought stressed maize”
Claim · model-written summary
maize free phenolics increased under salinity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity increased levels of free phenolics in maize plantlets”
Claim · model-written summary
common bean chlorophylls (a, b, total) increased under salinity.
- Taxon
- common bean
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- chlorophylls (a, b, total)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity increased levels of free phenolics in maize plantlets and chlorophylls (a, b, total) in common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
maize chlorophylls (a, b, total) elevated under high temperature (40 °C).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high temperature (40 °C) elevated levels of chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
common bean chlorophylls (a, b, total) decreased under high temperature (40 °C).
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- high temperature (40 °C)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophylls (a, b, total)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high temperature (40 °C) elevated levels of chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize but decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) and free phenolics in common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
common bean free phenolics decreased under high temperature (40 °C).
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- high temperature (40 °C)e0
- Outcome
- free phenolicse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high temperature (40 °C) elevated levels of chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize but decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) and free phenolics in common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
maize phenolics increased under drought.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought increased phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
maize chlorophylls (a, b, total) decreased under drought.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought increased phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
common bean chlorophyll pigments (a, b, total) increased under drought.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll pigments (a, b, total)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought increased phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize and increased chlorophyll pigments (a, b, total) in common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
maize free phenolics increased under waterlogging.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging increased free phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
maize chlorophylls (a, b, total) decreased under waterlogging.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging increased free phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize”
Claim · model-written summary
common bean chlorophyll (a, total) increased under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll (a, total)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waterlogging increased free phenolics and decreased chlorophylls (a, b, total) in maize and increased chlorophyll (a, total) incommon bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Free phenolics and chlorophylls, particularly chlorophyll a, were the most responsive indicators to stress.
- Taxon
- maize and common beanPhaseolus vulgaris
Zea mayse1 - Outcome
- most responsive indicators to stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Free phenolics and chlorophylls, especially a, were the most responsive indicators to stress”
e1“maize and common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose free phenolics and chlorophylls as biochemical markers for stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- maize and common beanPhaseolus vulgarisZea mayse0
- Outcome
- putative biochemical markers for abiotic stress tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Free phenolics and chlorophylls, especially a, were the most responsive indicators to stress and can, therefore, be considered putative biochemical markers for abiotic stress tolerance in maize and common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Fisher linear discriminant functions correctly classified all originally grouped stressed and non-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- maize and common beanPhaseolus vulgarisZea mayse1
- Outcome
- classified correctlye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fisher’s linear discriminant functions classified correctly 100% of non-stressed or stressed originally grouped plants”
e1“maize and common bean”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · physiology: pigments · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
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- positive
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See all 6 papers →salinity · quality: phytochemicals · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
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flooding · quality: phytochemicals · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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heat · molecular: metabolites · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
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See all 11 papers →drought · quality: phytochemicals · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
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See all 11 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.