Abstract
The objective of this study was to increase understanding about the mechanism by which polyamines (PAs) promote the conversion of embryogenic calli (EC) into somatic embryos in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). We measured the levels of endogenous PAs and H2O2, quantified the expression levels of genes involved in the PAs pathway at various stages of cotton somatic embryogenesis (SE), and investigated the effects of exogenous PAs and H2O2 on differentiation and development of EC. Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) significantly increased from the EC stage to the early phase of embryo differentiation. The levels of Put then decreased until the somatic embryo stage whereas Spd and Spm remained nearly the same. The expression profiles of GhADC genes were consistent with changes in Put during cotton SE. The H2O2 concentrations began to increase significantly at the EC stage, during which time both GhPAO1 and GhPAO4 expressions were highest and PAO activity was significantly increased. Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation, but also alleviated the effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octane, which are inhibitors of PA synthesis and PAO activity. Overall, the results suggest that both PAs and their metabolic product H2O2 are essential for the conversion of EC into somatic embryos in cotton.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine, spermidine and spermine increased from embryogenic callus to early embryo differentiation.
Verbatim
e0“Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) significantly increased from the EC stage to the early phase of embryo differentiation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine decreased until the somatic embryo stage.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Outcome
- levels of Pute0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e0“The levels of Put then decreased until the somatic embryo stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine and spermine remained nearly the same until the somatic embryo stage.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- Spd and Spme0
- Direction
- remained nearly the samee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e0“Spd and Spm remained nearly the same”
Claim · model-written summary
GhADC expression profiles followed putrescine changes during cotton somatic embryogenesis.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Gene
- GhADC genese0
- Outcome
- expression profilese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression profiles of GhADC genes were consistent with changes in Put during cotton SE.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide concentrations increased significantly at the embryogenic callus stage.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- H2O2 concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e0“The H2O2 concentrations began to increase significantly at the EC stage”
Claim · model-written summary
GhPAO1 and GhPAO4 expression peaked at the embryogenic callus stage.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Gene
- GhPAO1 and GhPAO4e0
- Outcome
- expressionse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e0“both GhPAO1 and GhPAO4 expressions were highest”
Claim · model-written summary
PAO activity increased significantly at the embryogenic callus stage.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Gene
- PAOe0
- Outcome
- PAO activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e0“PAO activity was significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Put enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Outcome
- embryogenic callus growth and embryo formatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation”
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- embryogenic callus growth and embryo formatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation”
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spm enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- embryogenic callus growth and embryo formatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation”
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2 enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- H2O2e0
- Outcome
- embryogenic callus growth and embryo formatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation”
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Put alleviated effects of polyamine synthesis and PAO inhibitors.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Outcome
- effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octanee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation, but also alleviated the effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octane”
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd alleviated effects of polyamine synthesis and PAO inhibitors.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octanee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation, but also alleviated the effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octane”
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spm alleviated effects of polyamine synthesis and PAO inhibitors.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octanee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation, but also alleviated the effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octane”
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2 alleviated effects of polyamine synthesis and PAO inhibitors.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- H2O2e0
- Outcome
- effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octanee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation, but also alleviated the effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octane”
t0“Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogen peroxide · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →spermine · molecular: metabolites · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
hydrogen peroxide · molecular: metabolites · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
spermidine · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
putrescine · molecular: metabolites · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.