Abstract
In an attempt to control scab, a 12-year-old apple orchard was treated with suspensions of 5 g/l hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) using overhead irrigation for 15 min. No other fungicides were used. In treatment A, irrigation was started when infection according to Mills had taken place. In treatments B and C, treatment was delayed by 6 h and 20 h, respectively. Irrigation was initiated when the scab warning system signaled even very low infection risk, and a total of 62 treatments were applied. At harvest, the fruits of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonagold’ varieties of untreated controls were scabbed, while those of ‘Elstar’, ‘Fiesta’, and ‘Kent’ had no visible scab symptoms. During both conventional and ULO storage for 7.5 months, all control fruits developed scab symptoms. All fruits from A, B, and C treatments were free of scab at harvest and after storage. All control trees had scabbed leaves at harvest time; treated trees were free of scab on their upper leaf surfaces, while up to 15% of the leaves had at least one scab lesion on their lower surfaces. This was attributed to poor wetting of these surfaces by sprinkler irrigation, while the fruits and upper leaf surfaces were fully covered with hydrated lime suspensions. At harvest, leaves and fruits were covered with whitish calcium carbonate residues which could be removed by a brief dip in 20 g/l aqueous citric acid. There were no signs of phytotoxicity on either leaves or fruits.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Golden Delicious fruit had scab at harvest.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- ‘Golden Delicious’e0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- untreated controlse0
- Outcome
- fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, the fruits of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonagold’ varieties of untreated controls were scabbed”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Jonagold fruit had scab at harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Jonagold’e0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- were scabbede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, the fruits of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonagold’ varieties of untreated controls were scabbed”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Elstar fruit had no visible scab at harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Elstar’e0
- Outcome
- no visible scab symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of ‘Elstar’, ‘Fiesta’, and ‘Kent’ had no visible scab symptoms.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Fiesta fruit had no visible scab at harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Fiesta’e0
- Outcome
- no visible scab symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of ‘Elstar’, ‘Fiesta’, and ‘Kent’ had no visible scab symptoms.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated Kent fruit had no visible scab at harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Kent’e0
- Outcome
- no visible scab symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of ‘Elstar’, ‘Fiesta’, and ‘Kent’ had no visible scab symptoms.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
All untreated fruit developed scab during conventional and ULO storage for 7.5 months.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- developed scab symptomse0
- Qualifier
- 7.5 monthse0
- Setting
- conventional and ULO storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During both conventional and ULO storage for 7.5 months, all control fruits developed scab symptoms.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit from treatment A was free of scab at harvest and after storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatment Ae1
- Outcome
- free of scab at harvest and after storagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All fruits from A, B, and C treatments were free of scab at harvest and after storage.”
e1“In treatment A, irrigation was started when infection according to Mills had taken place.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit from treatment B was free of scab at harvest and after storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatments Be1
- Outcome
- free of scab at harvest and after storagee0
- Qualifier
- 6 he1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All fruits from A, B, and C treatments were free of scab at harvest and after storage.”
e1“In treatments B and C, treatment was delayed by 6 h and 20 h, respectively.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit from treatment C was free of scab at harvest and after storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatments B and Ce1
- Outcome
- free of scab at harvest and after storagee0
- Qualifier
- 20 he1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All fruits from A, B, and C treatments were free of scab at harvest and after storage.”
e1“In treatments B and C, treatment was delayed by 6 h and 20 h, respectively.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
All control trees had scabbed leaves at harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- scabbed leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All control trees had scabbed leaves at harvest time”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated trees had no scab on upper leaf surfaces at harvest.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- upper leaf surfacese0
- Treatment
- suspensions of 5 g/l hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2)e1
- Outcome
- free of scab on their upper leaf surfacese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treated trees were free of scab on their upper leaf surfaces”
e1“treated with suspensions of 5 g/l hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) using overhead irrigation for 15 min.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 15% of treated leaves had at least one scab lesion on lower surfaces.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- lower surfacese0
- Outcome
- leaves had at least one scab lesion on their lower surfacese0
- Value
- up to 15%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up to 15% of the leaves had at least one scab lesion on their lower surfaces”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed lower leaf scab to poor wetting by sprinkler irrigation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- at least one scab lesion on their lower surfacese1
- Qualifier
- poor wetting of these surfaces by sprinkler irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This was attributed to poor wetting of these surfaces by sprinkler irrigation”
e1“up to 15% of the leaves had at least one scab lesion on their lower surfaces”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrated lime fully covered fruit and upper leaf surfaces.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruits and upper leaf surfacese0
- Outcome
- fully covered with hydrated lime suspensionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fruits and upper leaf surfaces were fully covered with hydrated lime suspensions.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves and fruit had whitish calcium carbonate residue at harvest, removable by a brief citric acid dip.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and fruitse0
- Treatment
- 20 g/l aqueous citric acide0
- Outcome
- whitish calcium carbonate residuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, leaves and fruits were covered with whitish calcium carbonate residues which could be removed by a brief dip in 20 g/l aqueous citric acid.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrated lime treatment showed no phytotoxicity on leaves or fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves or fruitse0
- Outcome
- no signs of phytotoxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no signs of phytotoxicity on either leaves or fruits.”
t0“apple”
The same questions in other papers
calcium dihydroxide · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.