Abstract
Microbial products containing a mixture of fungi and bacteria (EM Bokashi® 2-fi and EM-5 Sutociu® characterised by plant biostimulant activity), Trichoderma harzianum T22 (biofungicide) and the antagonist fungus Trichoderma sp. TJ40 were tested for efficacy against R. solani disease and for their biostimulant effects on bean plants, in growth chamber experiments, and for their direct effect on the pathogen growth, through in vitro experiments. In growth chamber experiments, EM-5 Sutociu was applied to seed (Sut/Se), substrate (Sut/S) and leaf (Sut/L) many times, EM Bokashi 2-fi to substrare (Bok/S) once and combined with Sut, T22 and TJ40 were applied once to substrate. The pathogen was inoculated to substrate at seeding time (first experiment) or at seedling phase (second experiment). Under our experimental conditions, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L and T22, in the first experiment, and all treatments, with the exception of Bok/S applied alone in the second experiment, gave significantly disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf area with respect to the infected control. The TJ40 treatment reduced both disease incidence and disease severity only in the second experiment. In the experiment on the biostimulant effect, T22, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L and Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L showed significantly increases of both dry weight and leaf area. The direct effect of the treatment with T22, TJ40, Bok and Sut on R. solani growth in vitro was studied with two methods, submerged colony (SC) and well diffusion (WD) assays. The pathogen growth was completely inhibited by Trichoderma T22 in both assays, by Trichoderma TJ40 in a range of 80-50 % in SD assay, and 50-30 % in WD assay and slightly inhibited or not inhibited by Bok and Sut.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L significantly reduced disease severity and increased dry weight and leaf area in the first experiment.
- Taxon
- beant0
- Treatment
- Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/Le0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanit1pathogen - Outcome
- disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf areae0
- Qualifier
- first experimente0
- Comparator
- infected controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under our experimental conditions, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L and T22, in the first experiment, and all treatments, with the exception of Bok/S applied alone in the second experiment, gave significantly disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf area with respect to the infected control.”
t0“bean plants”
t1“Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Sut/S+Sut/L significantly reduced disease severity and increased dry weight and leaf area in the first experiment.
- Taxon
- beant0
- Treatment
- Sut/S+Sut/Le0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf areae0
- Qualifier
- first experimente0
- Comparator
- infected controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under our experimental conditions, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L and T22, in the first experiment, and all treatments, with the exception of Bok/S applied alone in the second experiment, gave significantly disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf area with respect to the infected control.”
t0“bean plants”
t1“Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L significantly reduced disease severity and increased dry weight and leaf area in the first experiment.
- Taxon
- beant0
- Treatment
- Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/Le0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf areae0
- Qualifier
- first experimente0
- Comparator
- infected controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under our experimental conditions, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L and T22, in the first experiment, and all treatments, with the exception of Bok/S applied alone in the second experiment, gave significantly disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf area with respect to the infected control.”
t0“bean plants”
t1“Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
T22 significantly reduced disease severity and increased dry weight and leaf area in the first experiment.
- Taxon
- beant0
- Treatment
- T22e0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum T22
Trichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf areae0
- Qualifier
- first experimente0
- Comparator
- infected controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under our experimental conditions, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L and T22, in the first experiment, and all treatments, with the exception of Bok/S applied alone in the second experiment, gave significantly disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf area with respect to the infected control.”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum T22 (biofungicide)”
t0“bean plants”
t1“Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second experiment all treatments except Bok/S alone significantly reduced disease severity and increased dry weight and leaf area.
- Taxon
- beant0
- Treatment
- all treatments, with the exception of Bok/S applied alonee0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf areae0
- Qualifier
- second experimente0
- Comparator
- infected controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments, with the exception of Bok/S applied alone in the second experiment, gave significantly disease severity reduction and increase of dry weight and leaf area with respect to the infected control.”
t0“bean plants”
t1“Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
TJ40 reduced disease incidence and severity only in the second experiment.
- Taxon
- beant0
- Treatment
- TJ40 treatmente0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanit1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma sp. TJ40e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidence and disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- only in the second experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The TJ40 treatment reduced both disease incidence and disease severity only in the second experiment.”
e1“the antagonist fungus Trichoderma sp. TJ40”
t0“bean plants”
t1“Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
T22 significantly increased dry weight and leaf area in the biostimulation experiment.
- Taxon
- beant0
- Treatment
- T22e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum T22Trichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- dry weight and leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the experiment on the biostimulant effect, T22, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L and Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L showed significantly increases of both dry weight and leaf area.”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum T22 (biofungicide)”
t0“bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L significantly increased dry weight and leaf area in the biostimulation experiment.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In the experiment on the biostimulant effect, T22, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L and Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L showed significantly increases of both dry weight and leaf area.”
t0“bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Sut/S+Sut/L significantly increased dry weight and leaf area in the biostimulation experiment.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In the experiment on the biostimulant effect, T22, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L and Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L showed significantly increases of both dry weight and leaf area.”
t0“bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L significantly increased dry weight and leaf area in the biostimulation experiment.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In the experiment on the biostimulant effect, T22, Bok/S+Sut/S+Sut/L, Sut/S+Sut/L and Sut/Se+Sut/S+Sut/L showed significantly increases of both dry weight and leaf area.”
t0“bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma T22 completely inhibited pathogen growth in both assays.
- Taxon
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1
- Treatment
- Trichoderma T22e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma T22e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pathogen growthe0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- both assayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogen growth was completely inhibited by Trichoderma T22 in both assays”
e1“R. solani growth in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma TJ40 inhibited pathogen growth by 80-50 % in the SD assay.
- Taxon
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1
- Treatment
- Trichoderma TJ40e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma TJ40e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pathogen growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 80-50 %e0
- Qualifier
- SD assaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogen growth was completely inhibited by Trichoderma T22 in both assays, by Trichoderma TJ40 in a range of 80-50 % in SD assay, and 50-30 % in WD assay and slightly inhibited or not inhibited by Bok and Sut.”
e1“R. solani growth in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma TJ40 inhibited pathogen growth by 50-30 % in the WD assay.
- Taxon
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1
- Treatment
- Trichoderma TJ40e0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma TJ40e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pathogen growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 50-30 %e0
- Qualifier
- WD assaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogen growth was completely inhibited by Trichoderma T22 in both assays, by Trichoderma TJ40 in a range of 80-50 % in SD assay, and 50-30 % in WD assay and slightly inhibited or not inhibited by Bok and Sut.”
e1“R. solani growth in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Bok slightly inhibited or did not inhibit pathogen growth.
- Taxon
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1
- Treatment
- Boke0
- Outcome
- pathogen growthe0
- Direction
- slightly inhibited or not inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogen growth was completely inhibited by Trichoderma T22 in both assays, by Trichoderma TJ40 in a range of 80-50 % in SD assay, and 50-30 % in WD assay and slightly inhibited or not inhibited by Bok and Sut.”
e1“R. solani growth in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Sut slightly inhibited or did not inhibit pathogen growth.
- Taxon
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1
- Treatment
- Sute0
- Outcome
- pathogen growthe0
- Direction
- slightly inhibited or not inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogen growth was completely inhibited by Trichoderma T22 in both assays, by Trichoderma TJ40 in a range of 80-50 % in SD assay, and 50-30 % in WD assay and slightly inhibited or not inhibited by Bok and Sut.”
e1“R. solani growth in vitro”
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