Abstract
ABSTRACT Experiments were carried out in field conditions to analyse the effect of induced resistance on certain major pests of rice viz., leaf folder, stem borer and gall midge. The population of these insects were assessed at regular intervals on plants imposed with treatments including neem cake (NC),farm yard manure (FYM), Azospirillum (Azos), phosphobacterium (Phos), Silicate Solublising Bacteria (SSB) and lignite fly ash(LFA).The results revealed that the combination of FYM, three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash and neem cake applied in splits significantly reduced the incidence leaf folder (76.69%), stem borer (58.66 ) and gall midge (66.81%) as compared to NPK applied as inorganic form. The insect population was correlated with silica content and it was analysed in the leaf sheath and laminae of plants treated with organic sources of nutrients. As the age of the plant increased, silica content proportionately increased in the plants. There was significant difference in silica content on 45 and 60 DAT among treatments. The treatment viz., application of three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash along with FYM and neem cake either as basal (7.8%) or in splits recorded high silica content (8.10 %) as compared to other treatments.It was found that the occurrence of these major insects was negatively correlated with silica content. Correlation values between silica and insects were -0.789 for leaf folder, -0.930 for stem borer and -0.958 for gall midge. The main cause for the death of insects due to fly ash application was wearing of mandibles and main feeding organs of insects which resulted in functionless mandibles so that the insects of paddy die without food. Further, the incidence of major insects was negatively correlated with yield. Application of organic sources of nutritions significantly increased the rice grain yield. The treatment with biofertilizers, lignite fly ash, FYM and neem cake in splits recorded significantly higher grain yield (5.49 t/ha) which was on a par with NPK applied plots (5.38 t/ha).and the per cent increase in yield over NPK was 2%.It is concluded that application of organic sources of nutrition reduced the incidence of leaf folder, stem borer and gall midge and increased the yield in rice.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Combined organic sources reduced leaf folder incidence by 76.69 percent versus inorganic NPK.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- combination of FYM, three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash and neem cake applied in splitse0
- Interactor
- leaf foldere0pest
- Outcome
- incidence leaf foldere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 76.69%e0
- Comparator
- NPK applied as inorganic forme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of FYM, three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash and neem cake applied in splits significantly reduced the incidence leaf folder (76.69%), stem borer (58.66 ) and gall midge (66.81%) as compared to NPK applied as inorganic form.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment reduced stem borer incidence by 58.66 versus NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combination of FYM, three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash and neem cake applied in splitse0
- Interactor
- stem borere0pest
- Outcome
- stem borere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 58.66e0
- Comparator
- NPK applied as inorganic forme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of FYM, three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash and neem cake applied in splits significantly reduced the incidence leaf folder (76.69%), stem borer (58.66 ) and gall midge (66.81%) as compared to NPK applied as inorganic form.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment reduced gall midge incidence by 66.81 percent versus NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combination of FYM, three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash and neem cake applied in splitse0
- Interactor
- gall midgee0pest
- Outcome
- gall midgee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 66.81%e0
- Comparator
- NPK applied as inorganic forme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of FYM, three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash and neem cake applied in splits significantly reduced the incidence leaf folder (76.69%), stem borer (58.66 ) and gall midge (66.81%) as compared to NPK applied as inorganic form.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice silica content rose proportionally as plants aged.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- age of the plante0
- Outcome
- silica contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the age of the plant increased, silica content proportionately increased in the plants.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
Silica content differed significantly among treatments at 45 and 60 DAT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- silica contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was significant difference in silica content on 45 and 60 DAT among treatments.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic source treatment yielded high silica content, reaching 8.10 percent in split applications.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash along with FYM and neem cakee0
- Outcome
- silica contente0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 8.10 %e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment viz., application of three biofertilizers, lignite fly ash along with FYM and neem cake either as basal (7.8%) or in splits recorded high silica content (8.10 %) as compared to other treatments.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf folder occurrence was negatively correlated with silica content, r = -0.789.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- leaf foldere0pest
- Outcome
- leaf foldere0
- Value
- -0.789e0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation values between silica and insects were -0.789 for leaf folder, -0.930 for stem borer and -0.958 for gall midge.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem borer occurrence was negatively correlated with silica content, r = -0.930.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- stem borere0pest
- Outcome
- stem borere0
- Value
- -0.930e0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation values between silica and insects were -0.789 for leaf folder, -0.930 for stem borer and -0.958 for gall midge.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
Gall midge occurrence was negatively correlated with silica content, r = -0.958.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- gall midgee0pest
- Outcome
- gall midgee0
- Value
- -0.958e0
Not reportedSettingDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Correlation values between silica and insects were -0.789 for leaf folder, -0.930 for stem borer and -0.958 for gall midge.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
Fly ash was asserted to kill insects by damaging their mandibles and feeding organs.
Verbatim
e0“The main cause for the death of insects due to fly ash application was wearing of mandibles and main feeding organs of insects which resulted in functionless mandibles so that the insects of paddy die without food.”
Claim · model-written summary
Major insect incidence was negatively correlated with yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- major insectse0pest
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the incidence of major insects was negatively correlated with yield.”
t0“RICE”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic nutrient sources significantly increased rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Application of organic sources of nutritionse0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of organic sources of nutritions significantly increased the rice grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Split organic source application yielded 5.49 t/ha, 2 percent above NPK plots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biofertilizers, lignite fly ash, FYM and neem cake in splitse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.49 t/hae0
- Comparator
- NPK applied plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment with biofertilizers, lignite fly ash, FYM and neem cake in splits recorded significantly higher grain yield (5.49 t/ha) which was on a par with NPK applied plots (5.38 t/ha).and the per cent increase in yield over NPK was 2%.”
t0“RICE”
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