Abstract
In a field study the biological efficiency of intercropping in direct seeded upland rice and its effect on residual soil fertility was determined at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for two consecutive years. The intercropping systems comprised rice alone, rice + maize, rice + sesbania, rice + mungbean, rice + ricebean, rice + cowpea and rice + pigeonpea. The rice was seeded in 75 cm spaced 4-row strips (15/75 cm) while the intercrops as forage were seeded on the vacant spaces between the rice strips. The results revealed that rice grain yield decreased to a significant level by forage intercrops compared to monocropped rice which varied from 10.94 to 25.87%, with the maximum (25.87%) by sesbania followed by pigeonpea (16.67) against the minimum (10.94%) by maize intercrop. In terms of total rice grain yield equivalent (TRGYE), the highest TRGYE (6.45 ton ha -1 ) was recorded for rice + forage maize intercropping system followed by rice + cowpea (5.08 ton ha -1 ) and rice + sesbania (4.92 ton ha -1 ) against the minimum (4.02 ton ha -1 ) for monocropped rice clearly indicating yield advantages of intercropping over monocropping of rice. Similarly the net field benefits obtained from different intercropping systems were considerably higher than the sole cropping of rice. The maximum net benefit of Rs.42325 ha -1 was recorded for rice + maize which is 37.32% more than sole rice followed by rice + cowpea (Rs.30885 ha -1 ) which is 14.03% higher than monocropping of rice (Rs.26526 ha -1 ). The results also revealed that residual soil nitrogen and organic matter was improved in all the intercropping systems except rice + maize intercropping system. However, the maximum increase in soil nitrogen (7.14%) was recorded for rice + sesbania intercropping system while the residual soil phosphorus and potassium were depleted in all the intercropping systems as compared to initial soil analysis.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Forage intercrops significantly reduced rice grain yield versus monocropped rice by 10.94 to 25.87%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- forage intercropse0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.94 to 25.87%e0
- Comparator
- monocropped ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice-based intercropping systems”
e0“rice grain yield decreased to a significant level by forage intercrops compared to monocropped rice which varied from 10.94 to 25.87%”
Claim · model-written summary
sesbania intercrop reduced rice grain yield by 25.87%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- sesbaniae1
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25.87%e1
- Comparator
- monocropped ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice-based intercropping systems”
e0“rice grain yield decreased to a significant level by forage intercrops compared to monocropped rice which varied from 10.94 to 25.87%”
e1“with the maximum (25.87%) by sesbania followed by pigeonpea (16.67) against the minimum (10.94%) by maize intercrop”
Claim · model-written summary
pigeonpea intercrop reduced rice grain yield by 16.67.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pigeonpeae1
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16.67e1
- Comparator
- monocropped ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice-based intercropping systems”
e0“rice grain yield decreased to a significant level by forage intercrops compared to monocropped rice which varied from 10.94 to 25.87%”
e1“with the maximum (25.87%) by sesbania followed by pigeonpea (16.67) against the minimum (10.94%) by maize intercrop”
Claim · model-written summary
maize intercrop reduced rice grain yield by 10.94%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- maizee1
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.94%e1
- Comparator
- monocropped ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice-based intercropping systems”
e0“rice grain yield decreased to a significant level by forage intercrops compared to monocropped rice which varied from 10.94 to 25.87%”
e1“with the maximum (25.87%) by sesbania followed by pigeonpea (16.67) against the minimum (10.94%) by maize intercrop”
Claim · model-written summary
Total rice grain yield equivalent was 6.45 ton ha -1 for rice + forage maize.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice + forage maizee0
- Outcome
- TRGYEe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6.45 ton ha -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest TRGYE (6.45 ton ha -1 ) was recorded for rice + forage maize intercropping system followed by rice + cowpea (5.08 ton ha -1 ) and rice + sesbania (4.92 ton ha -1 ) against the minimum (4.02 ton ha -1 ) for monocropped rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Total rice grain yield equivalent was 5.08 ton ha -1 for rice + cowpea.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice + cowpeae0
- Outcome
- TRGYEe0
- Value
- 5.08 ton ha -1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest TRGYE (6.45 ton ha -1 ) was recorded for rice + forage maize intercropping system followed by rice + cowpea (5.08 ton ha -1 ) and rice + sesbania (4.92 ton ha -1 ) against the minimum (4.02 ton ha -1 ) for monocropped rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Total rice grain yield equivalent was 4.92 ton ha -1 for rice + sesbania.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice + sesbaniae0
- Outcome
- TRGYEe0
- Value
- 4.92 ton ha -1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest TRGYE (6.45 ton ha -1 ) was recorded for rice + forage maize intercropping system followed by rice + cowpea (5.08 ton ha -1 ) and rice + sesbania (4.92 ton ha -1 ) against the minimum (4.02 ton ha -1 ) for monocropped rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Total rice grain yield equivalent was 4.02 ton ha -1 for monocropped rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- monocropped ricee0
- Outcome
- TRGYEe0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 4.02 ton ha -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest TRGYE (6.45 ton ha -1 ) was recorded for rice + forage maize intercropping system followed by rice + cowpea (5.08 ton ha -1 ) and rice + sesbania (4.92 ton ha -1 ) against the minimum (4.02 ton ha -1 ) for monocropped rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping yielded higher net field benefits than sole rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- different intercropping systemse0
- Outcome
- net field benefitse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sole cropping of ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net field benefits obtained from different intercropping systems were considerably higher than the sole cropping of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
rice + maize net benefit was Rs.42325 ha -1, 37.32% above sole rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice + maizee0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- Rs.42325 ha -1e0
- Qualifier
- 37.32%e0
- Comparator
- sole ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum net benefit of Rs.42325 ha -1 was recorded for rice + maize which is 37.32% more than sole rice followed by rice + cowpea (Rs.30885 ha -1 ) which is 14.03% higher than monocropping of rice (Rs.26526 ha -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
rice + cowpea net benefit was Rs.30885 ha -1, 14.03% above sole rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice + cowpeae0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- Rs.30885 ha -1e0
- Qualifier
- 14.03%e0
- Comparator
- monocropping of ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum net benefit of Rs.42325 ha -1 was recorded for rice + maize which is 37.32% more than sole rice followed by rice + cowpea (Rs.30885 ha -1 ) which is 14.03% higher than monocropping of rice (Rs.26526 ha -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping other than rice + maize improved residual soil nitrogen and organic matter.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- all the intercropping systems except rice + maize intercropping systeme0
- Outcome
- residual soil nitrogen and organic mattere0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residual soil nitrogen and organic matter was improved in all the intercropping systems except rice + maize intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice + sesbania had the maximum soil nitrogen increase of 7.14%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice + sesbania intercropping systeme0
- Outcome
- soil nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 7.14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum increase in soil nitrogen (7.14%) was recorded for rice + sesbania intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping depleted residual soil phosphorus and potassium relative to initial soil analysis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- all the intercropping systemse0
- Outcome
- residual soil phosphorus and potassiume0
- Direction
- depletede0
- Comparator
- initial soil analysise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice-based intercropping systems”
e0“residual soil phosphorus and potassium were depleted in all the intercropping systems as compared to initial soil analysis”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.