intercropping · Yield · Oryza sativa (rice)

Intercropping greengram and groundnut with rice and fingermillet in the rainy season and the feasibility of a second crop in winter on rainfed uplands of coastal Orissa · 1982

• positive
  Intercropping Vigna radiata and groundnut with rice and finger millet increased land-equivalent ratio compared with sole rice in normal years.

  compared with sole cropping of rice

• positive
  Intercropping Vigna radiata and groundnut with rice and finger millet increased total grain yield compared with sole rice in normal years.

  compared with sole cropping of rice

• positive
  Intercropping Vigna radiata and groundnut with rice and finger millet increased net profit compared with sole rice in normal years.

  compared with sole cropping of rice

Relative effects of Azolla pinnata and its combination with chemical nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and N uptake of rice · 1986

• positive
  Intercropped Azolla with 30 kg N/ha exceeded 60 kg N for Jaya grain production in the wet season.

  compared with 60 kg N treatment

• positive
  Azolla intercropped once produced more rice grain yield than 60 kg N during the wet season.

  compared with 60 kg N

• negative
  Twice intercropped Azolla had comparatively lower grain yield among Azolla treatments.

  compared with Azolla treatments

Effect of Intercropping on the Yield Components of Rice, Mungbean, Soybean, Peanut and Blackgram · 1989

• positive
  Sole rice had a higher number of effective tillers per square meter than intercropped rice.

Rice, Mungbean, Soybean, Peanut, Ricebean, and Blackgram Yields under Different Intercropping Systems · 1990

• positive
  Rice-legume intercropping other than rice-ricebean gave greater productivity per unit of land than monocultures.

  compared with monocultures

cited by 1 paper here

Response of Azolla Caroliniana and Rice to Phosphorus Enrichment of the Azolla Inoculum and Phosphorus Fertilization During Intercropping · 1995

• positive
  Phosphorus fertilization during intercropping increased rice grain and straw yields and nitrogen uptake.

Effect of integrated weed management and nitrogen fertilization on the performance of rice under flood-prone lowland conditions · 1997

• positive
  Inter-crop cultivation increased yield by 28.7–83.9%.

Effect of Alternative Cropping Systems on Yield and Advantage in Direct Seeded Upland Rice Areas in Indian Sub‐tropics · 1998

• positive
  Most intercrops exceeded sole crops in net returns.

  compared with sole crops

• positive
  Most intercrops exceeded sole crops in rice equivalent yield.

  compared with sole crops

Performance of rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays)-based cropping systems under mid-hills of Mizoram · 2001

• positive
  Including groundnut as an intercrop with rice and maize enhanced crop yields and gave the highest net returns.

Intercropping rice (Oryza sativa) with jute (Corchorus capsularis) and its impact on total productivity and profitability under rainfed lowland ecology · 2001

• positive
  Rice grain yield in pure and 4:1 intercropped stands was comparable and above other intercrops.

  compared with sole

Effect of nutrient management options and plant growth regulators on growth and yield of late sown winter season rice (Oryza sativa) under aberrant weather conditions · 2001

• positive
  The nutrient options significantly increased grain yield to 6,461 kglha.
• positive
  The nutrient options significantly increased straw yield to 8,279 kglha.
• positive
  The nutrient management options significantly increased growth parameters and yield attributes.

Yield performance and complementarity of rice (Oryza sativa) with greengram (Phaseolus radiatus), blackgram (Phaseolus mungo) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) under different rice-legume associations · 2001

• positive
  Rice yield components and grain yield increased with blackgram intercropping.
• positive
  Rice yield components and grain yield increased with greengram intercropping.
• negative
  Rice yield components and grain yield decreased under mixed cropping with pigeonpea.

Comparative assessment of organic, inorganic and integrated management practices in rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping system in acid soil of Assam · 2001

• positive
  Organic NPK with winter wheat and summer okra achieved rice-equivalent yield of 8.91 t/ha.

-Y Planting geometry and nitrogen management in rice (Oryza sativa) and soybean (Glycine max) intercropping · 2001

• positive
  Sole cropping gave higher growth, yield, and yield attributes for rice.

  compared with intercroppings

Evaluation of suitable rice-based (Oryza sativa) cropping system for central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh · 2001

• positive
  Intercropping pulses and oilseeds after rice further enhanced net return.

Impacts of fish and pesticide in lowland irrigated rice fields · 2002

• positive
  Fish polyculture increased rice grain yield by 10% in trial 2, without statistical significance.

Split strategies and intercropping dhaincha for in situ green manuring and seed production in wet-seeded rice · 2003

• positive
  Dhaincha intercropping for green manure increased rice grain yield over sole rice.

  compared with sole rice

Yield Advantage of Groundnut Intercropped with Rice Cultivated in Aerobic Soil from the Viewpoint of Plant Nitrogen Nutrition · 2004

• positive
  Groundnut-rice intercropping raised rice grain yield 18% to 41% against sole rice cropping.

  compared with sole rice cropping system

cited by 1 paper here

AGRONOMIC APPROACHES FOR PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT OF UPLAND RICE-BASED INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS UNDER STRIP PLANTATION · 2005

• positive
  Intercropping raised rice grain yield equivalent by 16.42 to 37.67% versus monocropped rice.

  compared with monocropped rice

• negative
  Forage intercrops reduced rice grain yield by 10.94 to 25.87%.

AGRO-ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF DIVERSIFIED RICE-BASED RELAY CROPPING SYSTEMS AT ZERO AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE UNDER STRIP PLANTATION · 2005

• positive
  Rice/legume systems were superior to nonlegume systems in sustainability, total rice grain yield equivalent and net field benefits under both tillage regimes.

  compared with rice/nonlegumes relay cropping systems

Enhancing rainwater-use efficiency and stabilizing productivity of rainfed upland through rice (Oryza sativa)-based intercropping · 2006

• positive
  Second-year legume intercrops increased net returns to Rs 11 040/hato 14 440lha.

  compared with sole rice

Effect of Chemical, Cultural and Mechanical Methods of Weed Control on Wet Seeded Rice · 2006

• positive
  Pretilachlor with safener, daincha intercropping and azolla dual cropping gave a grain yield 59.9% higher than the weedy check.

  compared with weedy check

• positive
  Pretilachlor with safener, daincha intercropping and azolla dual cropping gave a higher grain yield of 5744 kg/ha.
• positive
  Pretilachlor with safener, daincha intercropping and azolla dual cropping gave a grain yield 9.5% higher than the recommended practice of two hand weedings.

  compared with recommended practice of two hand weedings

Evaluation of performance of rice (Oryza sativa) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) in a mixed cropping system · 2006

• positive
  Rice height, tillers and effective tillers were higher in the intercrop system.
• negative
  Rice yields under the intercrop system were lower, because of negative correlations between rice height, tillers and grain yield.

cited by 2 papers here

Effects of Nitrogen and Silicon Nutrition on Rice Blast Occurrence under Intercropping with Different Type Varieties · 2006

• positive
  Under normal nitrogen, intercropping increased rice grain yield by 20.8%.

Effect of Dual Inoculation of Azolla on the Growth and Yield Paramaters of Rice in Dhaijan, Jhapa · 2007

• positive
  Twice cropping Azolla increased rice grain yield by 9.1% over control.

  compared with control

Evaluation of green manure intercropping in wet seeded and transplanted rice under island ecosystem · 2007

• positive
  Mechanical incorporation of green manure intercrop achieved profitability and higher economic returns and energetics.

Effect of N level on rice yield, nitrogen accumulation and rice blast occurrence under rice intercropping system - eScholarship · 2009

• positive
  At low nitrogen, intercropping increased rice biomass and yield.

Assessment of yield advantages, competitiveness and economic benefits of diversified direct-seeded upland rice-based intercropping systems under strip geometry of planting. · 2009

• positive
  All intercropping systems gave higher total rice grain yield equivalent than monocropped rice.

  compared with monocropped rice

• positive
  All intercropping systems gave higher land equivalent ratio than monocropped rice.

  compared with monocropped rice

cited by 1 paper here

Effect of N level on rice yield, nitrogen accumulation and rice blast occurrence under rice intercropping system · 2009

• positive
  At low nitrogen, intercropping increased rice biomass and yield.

Evaluating the performance of direct seeded rice in different intercropping systems under strip plantation · 2010

• positive
  Rice with forage maize had the highest total rice grain yield equivalent of 6.45 t ha
• negative
  Forage intercrops reduced rice grain yield by 10.94 to 25.87% versus monocropped rice

  compared with monocropped rice

cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here

Analysis of Farmer Participating Evaluation for Intercropping between Upland Rice and Maize · 2011

• positive
  Income increased by 3 130.4 yuan/hm2 relative to single cropping of upland rice.

  compared with single intercropping of upland rice

• positive
  Yield increased by 2 163 kg/hm2 relative to single cropping of upland rice.

  compared with single intercropping of upland rice

Effect of Supplementing Inorganic Fertilizer with OrganicFertilizer on Growth and Yield of Rice-Cowpea Mixed Crop · 2012

• positive
  Rice panicles per hill and spikelets per panicle were higher under mixed than sole cropping.

  compared with sole cropping

• negative
  Average rice grain yield was significantly lower under mixed than sole cropping.

  compared with sole cropping

cites 2 papers here

Effects of Mixed Cropping of Different Rice Varieties on Occurrence of Insect Pests,Natural Enemies and Rice Yield · 2012

• positive
  Rice yield under mixed cropping was 17.3% higher than that of Jinyuan 45.

  compared with Jinyuan 45

• positive
  Rice yield under mixed cropping was 2.5% higher than the monoculture average.

  compared with monoculture average

Effects of NERICA - Cowpea intercropping systems on yield components and productivity of NERICA and Cowpea · 2013

• positive
  Rice farmers preferring NERICA 1 have a better return to investment with the alternate hills intercropping system.

Effect of Intercropping of Sesbania rostrata with Transplant Aman Rice on Yield and Profitability · 2013

• positive
  intercropping Sesbania in between two rows of rice produced total rice grain yield equivalent of 6.00 ton ha -1, above sole rice.

  compared with sole rice

• positive
  intercropping Sesbania in two rows interval of rice produced total rice grain yield equivalent of 6.88 ton ha -1, above sole rice.

  compared with sole rice

• positive
  intercropping Sesbania around the rice field produced total rice grain yield equivalent of 5.87 ton ha -1, above sole rice.

  compared with sole rice

• positive
  Sesbania intercropping at two-row intervals yielded maximum net benefit of Tk.73531 ha -1, 26.68% above sole rice.

  compared with sole rice

• negative
  Rice grain yield decreased by 11.43% with intercropping Sesbania around the rice field relative to sole rice.

  compared with sole rice

• negative
  Rice grain yield decreased by 12.5% with intercropping Sesbania in two rows interval of rice relative to sole rice.

  compared with sole rice

• negative
  Rice grain yield decreased by 28.21% with intercropping Sesbania in between two rows of rice relative to sole rice.

  compared with sole rice

FOOD FODDER INTERCROPPING AND PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT IN OAT (AVENA SATIVA L.), CHICK PEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.), LENTIL (LENS CULINARIS MEDIKUS.), GREEN GRAM (VIGNA RADIATA L. WILCZEK), RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L) CROPPING SEQUENCE UNDER LATERITIC SOIL · 2013

• positive
  Oat plus lentil at 1:1 gave the highest rice grain yield.

Intercropping AUS rice with different seed rates of Blackgram as fodder · 2014

• positive
  Sole cropping produced higher growth parameters, yield components, and yields.

  compared with intercropping

• positive
  Intercropping improved gross return, net return, and benefit cost ratio over sole cropping.

  compared with sole cropping of main or fodder crop

Weed management in rice - soybean intercropping system under rainfed condition of Marathwada region of Maharshtra · 2014

• positive
  Rice + soybean intercropping at the ratio of 3:2 gave significantly highest rice grain equivalent yield, gross monetary return and net monetary return over the other intercrop treatments in all three years.

  compared with rest of the intercrop treatments

• positive
  Among interactions, pendimethalin at 0.75 kg/ha followed by one hand weeding at 25 days after sowing with rice + soybean intercropping at 3:2 gave the highest rice grain equivalent yield over the other interactions in all three years and pooled analysis.

  compared with rest of the interactions

• positive
  In pooled results, rice + soybean intercropping at the ratio of 3:2 gave significantly highest rice grain equivalent yield.

cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here

Effect of rice/arrowhead(Sagittaria sagittifolia) intercropping on diseases, pests and yield of rice · 2014

• positive
  The authors concluded that rice and arrowhead intercropping produced higher crop yields.

Effects of intercropping rice and water spinach on net yields and pest control: an experiment in southern China · 2016

• positive
  Rice tiller number increased at edge rows near water spinach.

  compared with rice monoculture

• positive
  Intercropping increased rice yield per unit area.

  compared with rice monoculture

cites 1 paper herecited by 3 papers here

Effects of Cassava/Legumes Inter-cropping before Rice Season and Weeding Methods on Growth and Yields of Rice: Split-Plot Design Approach · 2016

• positive
  Rice grown after cassava intercropped with Aeschynomene legume gave the highest rice yield, followed by rice after cassava with cowpea, for every weed-control method.

  compared with intercropping Cassava with Cowpea

STUDY ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF AEROBIC RICE INTERCROPPING WITH VIGNA RADIATAAND ARACHIS PINTOI. · 2016

• positive
  Aerobic rice intercropped with Arachis pintoi had the highest difference in biomass production and partitioning.

  compared with others treatment

Intercropping of sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) with early and late maturing cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) · 2017

• positive
  Intercropping produced higher gross return and net profit than sole rice.

  compared with rice as sole crop

• positive
  Wider intercrop spacing increased effective rice tillers relative to sole rice.

  compared with sole crop of rice

Rice establishment techniques and co-cultivation of green manure on productivity and economics of rice · 2017

• positive
  Rice planted at 25 x 25 cm with incorporated dhaincha had higher grain yield in the two years.
• positive
  Dhaincha intercropping or Azolla co-cultivation positively influenced rice yield attributes.

cites 1 paper here

Crop Intensification through Relay cropping in Rice Fallows of Assam · 2017

• positive
  Relay cropping pea at 15 days after rice flowering gave the highest net returns, 9639/-, significantly above other treatments.

  compared with rest of the treatments

• positive
  Relay cropping pea at 15 days after rice flowering gave the highest rice equivalent yield, 1335 kg/ha, significantly above other treatments.

  compared with rest of the treatments

[Interspecific relationship and Si, N nutrition of rice in rice-water spinach intercropping system.] · 2017

• positive
  Intercropping significantly increased combined rice and water spinach yield.

Crop rotation, green manure and nitrogen fertilizers in upland rice under no-tillage · 2018

• positive
  Prior corn and pigeon pea intercropping increased rice grain yield by 15% versus corn alone.

  compared with single corn crop

cited by 1 paper here

Intercropping of dry direct seeded boro rice with leafy vegetable for better weed suppression and higher profitability · 2018

• positive
  Intercropping raised net return versus sole rice.

  compared with rice sole cropping

• positive
  Gima kalmi with 50 cm two row strip produced the highest net return of 220340 Tk ha-1.
• positive
  Gima kalmi with 50 cm two row strip produced the highest BCR of 3.30.
• positive
  Intercropping raised benefit cost ratio versus sole rice.

  compared with rice sole cropping

• negative
  Intercropping significantly reduced rice yield versus sole cropping.

  compared with sole cropping

cited by 1 paper here

Growth and Yield of Upland Rice Under Intercropping System with Soybean in Sandy Coastal Area · 2018

• positive
  Intercropping proportion adjustment increased upland rice yield per clump.

Mixed‐cropping systems of different rice cultivars have grain yield and quality advantages over mono‐cropping systems · 2018

• positive
  Mixed-cropping improved the harvest index of rice by 10.26% and 6.98% in the early and late seasons.

  compared with mono-cropping systems

• positive
  Mixed-cropping improved the seed-setting rate of rice by 8.53% and 4.41% in the early and late seasons.

  compared with mono-cropping systems

• positive
  Mixed-cropping improved the grain weight per pot of rice by 8.31% and 4.61% in the early and late seasons.

  compared with mono-cropping systems

• positive
  Mixed-cropping improved the number of spikelets per panicle of rice by 19.52% and 5.77% in the early and late seasons.

  compared with mono-cropping systems

cited by 2 papers here

Effects of the integration of mixed‐cropping and rice–duck co‐culture on rice yield and soil nutrients in southern China · 2019

• positive
  MCDC produced higher grain yields and harvest indexes of rice in both study seasons.

cites 1 paper here

Impact of aerobic rice-leafy vegetables intercropping systems on weed management · 2019

• positive
  Intercropping increased rice growth and rice equivalent yield relative to sole rice.

  compared with sole rice crop

cited by 1 paper here

Efficacy of rice cum dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) intercropping on weed control, growth, yield and economics of rice · 2019

• positive
  Dhaincha intercropping followed by 2-4 D yielded 35.1% more grain than the unweeded check.

  compared with unweeded check

Identification of suitable intercrops performance under aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivation · 2019

• positive
  Paired rows yielded 23.7q ha-1 versus 19.7q ha-1 in normal rows.

  compared with normal row

cited by 1 paper here

Weed management practices in rice (Oryza sativa) + brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) intercropping system · 2019

• positive
  Rice and brahmi intercropping significantly increased plant height, dry matter, nodes, branches, panicles and grain weight.

Productivity Optimization in Rice-Based Intercropping Systems of Central Uganda · 2020

• positive
  Rice intercropping with groundnuts produced yield benefits with mean LER 1.5 across systems.
• positive
  Rice intercropping with beans produced yield benefits with mean LER 1.5 across systems.
• positive
  Rice intercropping with maize produced yield benefits with mean LER 1.5 across systems.

cited by 1 paper here

Bio-Economics of Different Dry Direct Seeded Winter Rice Based Intercropping Systems Under Varying Fertilizer Management · 2020

• positive
  Intercropping increased gross margin over sole rice cropping.

  compared with rice sole cropping

• positive
  Intercropping increased benefit cost ratio over sole rice cropping.

  compared with rice sole cropping

• negative
  Intercropping reduced rice yield, but the reduction was not significant.

  compared with sole cropping

cites 2 papers here

Irrigation Scheduling and Intercropping on Growth and Yield of Aerobic Rice · 2020

• positive
  Rice intercropped with black gram had higher land equivalent ratio.
• negative
  Rice intercropped with green gram had lower growth and yield.

cites 1 paper here

Reduced pests, improved grain quality and greater total income: benefits of intercropping rice with Pontederia cordata · 2021

• positive
  Rice intercropped with Pontederia cordata produced 2.5-fold higher total income than rice monoculture.

  compared with rice monoculture

cites 2 papers here

Optimizing dry land through the implementation of maize and rice multiple cropping system in Pemalang Regency · 2021

• positive
  Intercropping Bisi-18 with Inpari-42 gave the highest rice production, 1.76 t per hectare.

Effect of intercropping aerobic rice with leafy vegetables on crop growth, yield and its economic efficiency · 2021

• positive
  Intercropping increased yields relative to sole cropping.

  compared with sole crops

• positive
  Rice-spinach intercropping had higher net return and benefit cost ratio than sole crops.

  compared with sole crops

cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here

Mix‐cropping of rice and water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea Lour.) increases rice photosynthetic efficiency, yield, grain quality and soil available nutrients · 2021

• positive
  Rice yield increased by 19.9% under intercropping.

cites 1 paper here

Intercropping of Rice and Water Mimosa (Neptunia oleracea Lour.): A Novel Model to Control Pests and Diseases and Improve Yield and Grain Quality while Reducing N Fertilizer Application · 2021

• positive
  Intercropping increased rice yield by 21.40%~26.18% in early 2019.
• positive
  Intercropping increased rice yield by 43.00%~53.10% in late 2018.

cites 1 paper here

Organic weed management in wet-seeded and transplanted aromatic rice · 2021

• positive
  Sesbania intercropping under puddled transplanting had the highest benefit cost ratio, 2.61.

Use of pendimethalin and trifluralin on rice/brachiaria intercroping system · 2022

• positive
  Rice yield was highest with U. ruziziensi intercropping and pendimethalin.

cited by 1 paper here

Yield Advantage and Economic Performance of Rice–Maize, Rice–Soybean, and Maize–Soybean Intercropping in Rainfed Areas of Western Indonesia with a Wet Climate · 2022

• positive
  Intercropping significantly increased rice equivalent yield, maize equivalent yield and gross margin per cycle compared with monocropping.

  compared with MPs

• positive
  Intercropping provided a substantially lower cost of production and of paid workers.
• positive
  The land equivalent ratio yield advantage of rice–maize intercropping was 44%.

  compared with MPs

• positive
  The land equivalent ratio yield advantage of rice–soybean intercropping was 54%.

  compared with MPs

cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here

Enhancing the land use efficiency of low-land rice (Oryza sativa L.)—Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) additive series relay intercropping in North-Western Ethiopia: A farmer’s indigenous knowledge · 2023

• positive
  Marginal rate of return was 21,428% under the 50% grass pea, 1:3 arrangement.
• positive
  Total land output yield reached 9.89 t ha-1 with 50% grass pea seed proportion in 1:3 arrangement.
• positive
  Net benefit was 33, 5176.79 Birr ha-1 under the 50% grass pea, 1:3 arrangement.

cites 1 paper here

Effect of Intercropping Farming and Vermicompost System on the Nutritional Quality and Yield of Rice and Pigeonpea · 2023

• positive
  Harvest index was higher with vermicompost intercropping than urea treatment.

  compared with conventional one treated with urea

• positive
  Yield was higher with vermicompost intercropping than urea treatment.

  compared with conventional one treated with urea

Response of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety NSIC Rc27 TO intercropping scheme at different sowing time of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) intercrop · 2024

• positive
  Rice intercropped with mungbean 14 days earlier had a higher net profit of PhP70,325.

  compared with Monocropping upland rice

Clearfield upland rice intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis for grain, increased revenue and environmental preservation · 2024

• positive
  Intercropping U. ruziziensis at 45 DAE gave the highest rice grain yield relative to other intercropping treatments and rice monocropping.

  compared with other assessed intercropping treatments as well as rice monocropping

cites 2 papers here

Rice Under Dry Cultivation–Maize Intercropping Improves Soil Environment and Increases Total Yield by Regulating Belowground Root Growth · 2024

• positive
  Rice under dry cultivation-maize intercropping increased total yield by 8.63% compared with monoculture.

  compared with monoculture system

On-farm Productivity and Profitability of Paired-Row-Rice Diversified Cropping System in West Coast Plains and Ghat Region of India · 2024

• positive
  Sole crop treatments performed best in growth and yield attributes compared with their intercropping treatments

  compared with their intercropping treatments

• positive
  Sole crop of rice gave the highest yield (5.85 t/ha), superior to all other treatments

  compared with all other treatments

• positive
  Sole crop of paired-row rice gave 8 to 15 per cent higher grain yield than intercropping treatments

  compared with intercropping treatments

cites 1 paper here

Coastal Salinity Management and Cropping System Intensification through Conservation Agriculture in the Ganges Delta · 2024

• positive
  Conventional sole rice was more profitable than double or triple cropping.

  compared with double and triple cropping systems

The Relative Contribution of Root Morphology and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization on Phosphorus Uptake in Rice/Soybean Intercropping Under Dry Cultivation · 2025

• positive
  Rice and soybean intercropping increased total biomass and yield relative to monoculture in the field.

  compared with monoculture

cites 1 paper here

Effect of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Sowing Times Between Raspberries (Arachis hypogeae L.) On Paddy Yield in Kisangani Hinterland (Tshopo, DRC). · 2025

• positive
  Relay cropping rice with groundnuts increased paddy grain yield.

Silicon Enhances Yield in Dry‐Cultivated Rice/Soybean Intercropping Systems by Altering Root Morphology and Distribution · 2025

• positive
  Intercropping increased total yield by 7% versus monoculture with silicon.

  compared with monoculture

• positive
  Intercropping increased total yield by 5% versus monoculture without silicon.

  compared with monoculture

• negative
  Intercropping decreased rice yield by 7% averaged across silicon levels.

The prevalence of Rhizoctonia sp. and its impacts on growth and yields of upland paddy (Oryza sativa) planted under sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) agroforestry · 2025

• positive
  Agroforestry at 2 × 2 meters increased paddy grain weight by 23.2%.

Transforming coastal deltaic agriculture: A pathway to doubling farmers’ income in Karaikal · 2026

• positive
  Surface irrigation, black gram intercropping and hydrogel gave the highest net return.
• positive
  Surface irrigation, black gram intercropping and hydrogel gave the highest benefit-cost ratio.
• positive
  Surface irrigation, black gram intercropping and hydrogel gave the highest gross return.