Abstract
ABSTRACT Intercropping cereals and legumes can increase agricultural productivity, but the effects of silicon (Si) fertilizer application on intercropped crop yield and interspecific root interactions in cereal/legume intercropping systems are unclear. Hence, field and pot experiments were conducted with dry‐cultivated rice and soybean grown alone or intercropped under two Si levels (0 and 45 kg ha −1 ) to investigate the effects of Si application on the yield, root morphology, and distribution of dry‐cultivated rice/soybean intercropping systems. The results revealed that the total yields of the intercropping and monoculture systems were 15% and 13% greater, respectively, under Si application (Si45) than under no Si addition (Si0). Compared with the yield under monoculture, the total yield under intercropping increased by 5% and 7% under Si0 and Si45, respectively. This overyielding leads to a land equivalent ratio > 1 under both Si levels. This increase was primarily due to a 24% increase in intercropped soybean yield, despite a 7% decrease in rice yield averaging the two Si levels. The crop yield was positively correlated with root morphological traits, and the root surface area was the most significant predictor of crop yield. Intercropped soybean demonstrated a competitive advantage over rice. Thus, the root morphology traits of soybean were promoted, whereas these parameters in rice were inhibited by intercropping. Compared with Si0, Si application significantly promoted the root morphology and distribution traits of both crops in the intercropping system. Overall, the application of Si during dry‐cultivated rice/soybean intercropping significantly enhanced yield production by modifying the root morphology and distribution.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased total intercropping-system yield by 15% versus no silicon.
- Taxon
- Rice/Soybean
Glycine max
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Si application (Si45)e0
- Outcome
- total yields of the intercroppinge0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- no Si addition (Si0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“total yields of the intercropping and monoculture systems were 15% and 13% greater, respectively, under Si application (Si45) than under no Si addition (Si0)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased total monoculture-system yield by 13% versus no silicon.
- Taxon
- Rice/SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Si application (Si45)e0
- Outcome
- total yields of the intercropping and monoculture systemse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- no Si addition (Si0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“total yields of the intercropping and monoculture systems were 15% and 13% greater, respectively, under Si application (Si45) than under no Si addition (Si0)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased total yield by 5% versus monoculture without silicon.
- Taxon
- Rice/SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Qualifier
- Si0e0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“Compared with the yield under monoculture, the total yield under intercropping increased by 5% and 7% under Si0 and Si45, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased total yield by 7% versus monoculture with silicon.
- Taxon
- Rice/SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7%e0
- Qualifier
- Si45e0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“Compared with the yield under monoculture, the total yield under intercropping increased by 5% and 7% under Si0 and Si45, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping had a land equivalent ratio above one at both silicon levels.
- Taxon
- Rice/SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratioe0
- Value
- > 1e0
- Qualifier
- both Si levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“land equivalent ratio > 1 under both Si levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased soybean yield by 24% averaged across silicon levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- intercroppede0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Qualifier
- averaging the two Si levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“24% increase in intercropped soybean yield, despite a 7% decrease in rice yield averaging the two Si levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping decreased rice yield by 7% averaged across silicon levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- intercroppede0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 7%e0
- Qualifier
- averaging the two Si levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“24% increase in intercropped soybean yield, despite a 7% decrease in rice yield averaging the two Si levels”
t0“Rice/Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop yield was positively correlated with root morphological traits.
- Taxon
- Rice/SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“crop yield was positively correlated with root morphological traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Root surface area was the most significant predictor of crop yield.
- Taxon
- Rice/SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Qualifier
- most significant predictore0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“root surface area was the most significant predictor of crop yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped soybean had a competitive advantage over rice.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- competitive advantage over ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropped soybean demonstrated a competitive advantage over rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping promoted soybean root morphological traits.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- root morphology traitse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root morphology traits of soybean were promoted, whereas these parameters in rice were inhibited by intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping inhibited rice root morphological traits.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- root morphology traitse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“root morphology traits of soybean were promoted, whereas these parameters in rice were inhibited by intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon significantly promoted rice root morphology and distribution under intercropping.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- root morphology and distribution traitse0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- intercropping systeme0
- Comparator
- Si0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“Compared with Si0, Si application significantly promoted the root morphology and distribution traits of both crops in the intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon significantly promoted soybean root morphology and distribution under intercropping.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- root morphology and distribution traitse0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- intercropping systeme0
- Comparator
- Si0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice/Soybean”
e0“Compared with Si0, Si application significantly promoted the root morphology and distribution traits of both crops in the intercropping system”
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