Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have raised cadmium (Cd) concentrations in agricultural soil, emerging as a primary catalyst for the decline in crop yield. Intercropping of two or several plants is one technique among many Cd phytoremediation techniques that has gained enormous attention recently. However, the impact of cultivation modes on Cd movement in rice plants when intercropped with heavy metal (HM) hyperaccumulator plants remains unclear. Thus, this study was designed to explore the effects of cultivation modes and the intercropping of rice with Solanum nigrum L. on rice growth and Cd uptake in Cd-contaminated soil. The experimental design encompassed five treatments: dry cultivation of monocultured rice, monocultured Solanum nigrum L., and intercropped rice–Solanum nigrum L.; flood cultivation of monocultured rice; and intercropped rice–Solanum nigrum L. in a high-bed and low-ditch planting system. The results revealed a significant increase in rice growth when intercropped with Solanum nigrum L., with a notable increase of 18.32 g∙plant−1 observed in rice biomass in dry cultivation under the intercropping system. In contrast, a more modest increase of 3.67 g∙plant−1 was observed in the high-bed and low-ditch intercropped rice–Solanum nigrum L. mode. The soil total Cd was higher in dry cultivation of monocultured rice and Solanum nigrum L. compared to intercropped rice/Solanum nigrum L.-cultivated soil, with lower values recorded for intercropped rice/Solanum nigrum L. under the high-bed and low-ditch planting system. In contrast, no significant effect was noted on soil exchangeable Cd content based on the planting pattern and cultivation mode. Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. demonstrated a significant reduction of Cd content in various rice tissues, particularly in roots at the maturity stage, while Cd content was reduced across all rice tissues under the high-bed and low-ditch planting system. The Cd content in the stem, leaves, and bran of monocropped rice was higher compared to intercropped rice. This study suggests that the rice–Solanum nigrum L. intercropping system effectively reduces rice Cd uptake, particularly under the high-bed and low-ditch planting system.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. significantly increased rice growth.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- intercropped with Solanum nigrum L.e0
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed a significant increase in rice growth when intercropped with Solanum nigrum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry intercropping increased rice biomass by 18.32 g∙plant−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intercropping systeme0
- Outcome
- rice biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 18.32 g∙plant−1e0
- Setting
- dry cultivatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a notable increase of 18.32 g∙plant−1 observed in rice biomass in dry cultivation under the intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
High-bed and low-ditch intercropping increased rice biomass by 3.67 g∙plant−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- high-bed and low-ditch intercropped rice–Solanum nigrum L. modee0
- Outcome
- increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3.67 g∙plant−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a more modest increase of 3.67 g∙plant−1 was observed in the high-bed and low-ditch intercropped rice–Solanum nigrum L. mode”
t0“Rice Cadmium Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil total cadmium was higher under dry monoculture than intercropping.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- dry cultivation of monocultured ricee0
- Outcome
- soil total Cde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- intercropped rice/Solanum nigrum L.-cultivated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil total Cd was higher in dry cultivation of monocultured rice and Solanum nigrum L. compared to intercropped rice/Solanum nigrum L.-cultivated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil total cadmium was lowest under high-bed and low-ditch intercropping.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intercropped rice/Solanum nigrum L. under the high-bed and low-ditch planting systeme0
- Outcome
- lower valuese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with lower values recorded for intercropped rice/Solanum nigrum L. under the high-bed and low-ditch planting system”
t0“Rice Cadmium Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting pattern and cultivation mode had no significant effect on soil exchangeable cadmium.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- planting pattern and cultivation modee0
- Outcome
- soil exchangeable Cd contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant effect was noted on soil exchangeable Cd content based on the planting pattern and cultivation mode”
t0“Rice Cadmium Uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly reduced cadmium content in rice tissues, especially mature roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- roots at the maturity stagee0
- Treatment
- Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L.e0
- Outcome
- Cd content in various rice tissuese0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. demonstrated a significant reduction of Cd content in various rice tissues, particularly in roots at the maturity stage”
Claim · model-written summary
High-bed and low-ditch planting reduced cadmium content across all rice tissues.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- all rice tissuese0
- Treatment
- high-bed and low-ditch planting systeme0
- Outcome
- Cd contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd content was reduced across all rice tissues under the high-bed and low-ditch planting system”
Claim · model-written summary
Monocropped rice had higher cadmium content in stems, leaves, and bran than intercropped rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- stem, leaves, and brane0
- Treatment
- monocropped ricee0
- Outcome
- Cd contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- intercropped ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cd content in the stem, leaves, and bran of monocropped rice was higher compared to intercropped rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that intercropping reduces rice cadmium uptake particularly under high-bed and low-ditch planting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice–Solanum nigrum L. intercropping systeme0
- Outcome
- reduces rice Cd uptakee0
- Qualifier
- particularly under the high-bed and low-ditch planting systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rice–Solanum nigrum L. intercropping system effectively reduces rice Cd uptake, particularly under the high-bed and low-ditch planting system”
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