Abstract
Intercropping forage grasses with upland rice is an alternative cropping system to improve agroecosystem diversification and could potentially enhance sustainability in tropical regions. However, nitrogen (N) immobilization and nutrient competition between rice and forage grasses could reduce rice grain yield and decrease overall productivity. Therefore, fertilizer N requirements of upland rice intercropped with forage grasses needs to be better defined. Field experiments were carried out during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox soil in Sao Paulo state of Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with four replications. Treatments were cropping system [monocropped rice (Oryza sativa L.), rice intercropped with palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha), and rice intercropped with guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximus) and sidedress N application rate (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha-1). Intercropped grasses were sown between upland rice rows 30 days after rice emergence. On average, intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass decreased rice shoot dry matter and grain yield by 11% and milled rice productivity by 10% compared with monocropped rice. Grain yield, grain protein, and milled productivity of rice increased as N application rate increased. Forage dry matter production (first and second cut) and crude protein (second cut) were greatest in the rice + palisadegrass intercropping system. Production of both forage grasses increased with up to 80 kg N ha-1 in the first cut and increased linearly with N in the second cut. Intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass with 80 kg N ha-1 application resulted in the greatest land equivalent ratio (1.96 and 1.55, respectively). Relative N yield was greatest at 120 kg N ha-1 (220 and 173%, respectively). Although rice monocropping had greatest grain yield, intercropping systems with forage grasses were more favorable from both economic and environmental perspectives by enhancing plant diversification, nutrient cycling with forage grasses, land use production per unit area, and profitability throughout the year.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Palisadegrass intercropping decreased rice shoot dry matter and grain yield by 11%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- intercropping of rice with palisadegrasse0
- Interactor
- palisadegrass
Urochloa brizanthae0other - Outcome
- rice shoot dry matter and grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- monocropped ricee0
- Setting
- Sao Paulo state of Brazile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass decreased rice shoot dry matter and grain yield by 11% and milled rice productivity by 10% compared with monocropped rice”
e1“Field experiments were carried out during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox soil in Sao Paulo state of Brazil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Guineagrass intercropping decreased rice shoot dry matter and grain yield by 11%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- guineagrasse0
- Interactor
- guineagrass
.jpg?width=60)
Megathyrsus maximuse0other - Outcome
- rice shoot dry matter and grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Comparator
- monocropped ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass decreased rice shoot dry matter and grain yield by 11% and milled rice productivity by 10% compared with monocropped rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Palisadegrass intercropping decreased milled rice productivity by 10%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intercropping of rice with palisadegrasse0
- Interactor
- palisadegrassUrochloa brizanthae0other
- Outcome
- milled rice productivitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- monocropped ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass decreased rice shoot dry matter and grain yield by 11% and milled rice productivity by 10% compared with monocropped rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Guineagrass intercropping decreased milled rice productivity by 10%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- guineagrasse0
- Interactor
- guineagrassMegathyrsus maximuse0other
- Outcome
- milled rice productivitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Comparator
- monocropped ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass decreased rice shoot dry matter and grain yield by 11% and milled rice productivity by 10% compared with monocropped rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield, grain protein and milled productivity increased with nitrogen application rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N application ratee0
- Outcome
- Grain yield, grain protein, and milled productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield, grain protein, and milled productivity of rice increased as N application rate increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Palisadegrass dry matter production and second-cut crude protein were greatest in the rice plus palisadegrass system.
- Taxon
- palisadegrassUrochloa brizanthae0
- Interactor
- riceOryza sativae0other
- Outcome
- Forage dry matter production (first and second cut) and crude protein (second cut)e0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Forage dry matter production (first and second cut) and crude protein (second cut) were greatest in the rice + palisadegrass intercropping system.”
Claim · model-written summary
Palisadegrass first-cut production increased with nitrogen up to 80 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- palisadegrassUrochloa brizanthae1
- Organ / stage
- first cute0
- Treatment
- up to 80 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- Productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Production of both forage grasses increased with up to 80 kg N ha-1 in the first cut and increased linearly with N in the second cut.”
e1“rice intercropped with palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Guineagrass first-cut production increased with nitrogen up to 80 kg N ha-1.
- Taxon
- guineagrassMegathyrsus maximuse1
- Organ / stage
- first cute0
- Treatment
- up to 80 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- Productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Production of both forage grasses increased with up to 80 kg N ha-1 in the first cut and increased linearly with N in the second cut.”
e1“rice intercropped with guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Palisadegrass second-cut production increased linearly with nitrogen.
- Taxon
- palisadegrassUrochloa brizanthae1
- Organ / stage
- second cute0
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- Productione0
- Direction
- increased linearlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Production of both forage grasses increased with up to 80 kg N ha-1 in the first cut and increased linearly with N in the second cut.”
e1“rice intercropped with palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Guineagrass second-cut production increased linearly with nitrogen.
- Taxon
- guineagrassMegathyrsus maximuse1
- Organ / stage
- second cute0
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- Productione0
- Direction
- increased linearlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Production of both forage grasses increased with up to 80 kg N ha-1 in the first cut and increased linearly with N in the second cut.”
e1“rice intercropped with guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-palisadegrass intercropping at 80 kg N ha-1 had the greatest land equivalent ratio, 1.96.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 80 kg N ha-1 applicatione0
- Interactor
- palisadegrassUrochloa brizanthae0other
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratioe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 1.96e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass with 80 kg N ha-1 application resulted in the greatest land equivalent ratio (1.96 and 1.55, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-guineagrass intercropping at 80 kg N ha-1 had the greatest land equivalent ratio, 1.55.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 80 kg N ha-1 applicatione0
- Interactor
- guineagrassMegathyrsus maximuse0other
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratioe0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 1.55e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass with 80 kg N ha-1 application resulted in the greatest land equivalent ratio (1.96 and 1.55, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative nitrogen yield of rice-palisadegrass was greatest at 120 kg N ha-1, at 220%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- 120 kg N ha-1e0
- Interactor
- palisadegrassUrochloa brizanthae1other
- Outcome
- Relative N yielde0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 220e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative N yield was greatest at 120 kg N ha-1 (220 and 173%, respectively).”
e1“Intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative nitrogen yield of rice-guineagrass was greatest at 120 kg N ha-1, at 173%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- 120 kg N ha-1e0
- Interactor
- guineagrassMegathyrsus maximuse1other
- Outcome
- Relative N yielde0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 173%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative N yield was greatest at 120 kg N ha-1 (220 and 173%, respectively).”
e1“Intercropping of rice with palisadegrass or guineagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that forage intercropping systems are economically and environmentally more favorable despite greater grain yield under rice monocropping.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- intercropping systems with forage grassese0
- Qualifier
- enhancing plant diversification, nutrient cycling with forage grasses, land use production per unit area, and profitability throughout the yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although rice monocropping had greatest grain yield, intercropping systems with forage grasses were more favorable from both economic and environmental perspectives by enhancing plant diversification, nutrient cycling with forage grasses, land use production per unit area, and profitability throughout the year.”
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