intercropping · Yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)

Results differ103 papers: 63 positive, 40 negative or no effect · 3 pairs of papers confirmed to differ

144 claims from these papers; 37 citations between them.

Papers whose results differ, checked claim by claim 3

3 pairs of papers on this question report results that differ: an effect in one paper, the opposite effect or no effect in the other. Two model reviewers reading both claims accepted each pair.

Cultivation of cassava and cowpea in intercropping systems held in Roraima’s savannah, Brazil (2015)
decreaseIntercropping reduces grain yield of cowpea regardless of the arrangement.
Effect Of Cowpea Planting Density On Growth, Yield And Productivity Of Component Crops In Cowpea/Cassava Intercropping System (2008)
no changeCowpea grain yield was not significantly affected by intercropping.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Cultivation of cassava and cowpea in intercropping systems held in Roraima’s savannah, Brazil (2015)
decreaseIntercropping reduces grain yield of cowpea regardless of the arrangement.
Cassava-legume intercrop: II. Effects of relative planting dates of legumes on the productivity of legumes (2019)
no changeIntercropping had no effect on cowpea yield.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →
Effect Of Cowpea Planting Density On Growth, Yield And Productivity Of Component Crops In Cowpea/Cassava Intercropping System (2008)
no changeCowpea grain yield was not significantly affected by intercropping.
Effect of Plant Density and intercropping Pattern on yield and Competitive Relationships of Maize and Cowpea (2016)
decreaseIntercropping significantly reduced cowpea biological and seed yield.
The records name no dose, test system or situation that separates the two claims.Compare the two papers →

How these papers cite each other

37 citations between these papers: 16 on the same side, 21 across the two sides.

Positive result
Negative result or no effect
Citation, pointing to the cited paper
Citation across the two sides
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Years run left to right. Citations come from the papers’ OpenAlex reference lists. Hover a paper to bring forward its citations; click it to open the paper.

Papers reporting a positive result 63

Intercropping Sorghum with Cowpea in Dryland Farming Systems in Botswana. I. Field Experiments and Relative Advantages of Intercropping · 1987
- positive
  Intercropping out-performed monocropping in cowpea yield.
  compared with monocropping
- negative
  Cowpea yields in intercropping with sorghum were low compared with sole cropping.
  compared with sole crop performance
Pest management in fodder cowpea(Vigna unguiculataL. Walp.) through mixed‐and inter‐cropping in India · 1989
- positive
  Row inter-cropping gave greater green fodder and dry-matter yields of cowpea.
Observations on Insect Infestation and Damage in Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) Intercropped With Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) in a Rain Forest Area of Nigeria · 1991
- positive
  Sole cowpea had lower seed yield than cowpea intercropped with tomato.
  compared with Sole cowpea
Effect of Intercropping Cowpea with Maize on the Performance ofMetarhizium anisopliaeAgainstMegalurothrips sjostedti(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Predators · 1999
- positive
  Flower and pod production were higher in fungus treated intercrops than fungus treated monocrops.
  compared with monocrop also treated with fungus
cited by 1 paper here
Influence of height of maize variety on the productivity of intercropped maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) · 2000
- positive
  Productivity per unit land area was higher with intercropping than with monoculture.
  compared with monoculture
- negative
  Intercropped cowpea yields were decreased by 29 per cent under the short maize variety.
  compared with monoculture systems
- negative
  Intercropped cowpea yields were decreased by 26 per cent under the tall maize variety.
  compared with monoculture systems
- negative
  Yield components and grain yield of maize and cowpea were lower under intercropping than under monoculture.
  compared with monoculture systems
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization along with foliar spray of calcium chloride and potassium nitrate on performance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) + baby corn (Zea mays) intercropping systems · 2001
- positive
  Sole cropping gave higher cowpea yield than intercropping.
  compared with intercropping
cited by 1 paper here
Effect of planting pattern, crop variety and insecticide on the productivity of cowpeacereal systems in Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria · 2006
- positive
  Sprayed sole cowpea nearly doubled total produce returns relative to sole cereals.
  compared with sole cereals
Intercropping of Maize (Zea mays) and Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) as Whole-Crop Forage: Effect of Different Planting Pattern on Total Dry Matter Production and Maize Forage Quality · 2009
- positive
  Intercropping increased forage dry matter yield relative to cowpea sole cropping.
  compared with cowpea sole crops
cited by 3 papers here
Cowpea-Cereal Intercrop Producitivity in the Sudan Savanna Zone ofNigeria as Affected by Planting Pattern, Crop Variety and PestManagement · 2009
- positive
  Gross returns from sprayed sole cowpea were almost double those from sole cereals.
  compared with sole cereals
Effect of plant densities and cropping systems on yield components of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) · 2010
- positive
  Intercropping increased combined cowpea and sorghum productivity, with land equivalent ratios of 1.29 to 1.61.
  compared with sole crop
- negative
  High density and intercropping decreased cowpea yield.
  compared with sole crop
cited by 1 paper here
Influence of tillage and cropping systems on field emergence, growth of weeds and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) · 2010
- positive
  Intercropped plots had significantly higher aggregate crop yield than sole plots.
  compared with sole plots
- positive
  Component crop yields were higher in sole cropping than in intercropping.
  compared with intercrop
Effects of Variety and Spatial Arrangement on Pest Incidence, Damage and Subsequent Yield of Cowpea in a Cowpea/Maize Intercrop · 2010
- positive
  The 2:3 maize/cowpea intercrop gave significantly higher seed yield (129.43) than the 1:1 intercrop (32.72)
  compared with 1:1 maize / cowpea intercrop
Evaluation of Competition and Complementarity of Corn (Zea mays) and Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) Intercropping for Nutrient Consumption · 2011
- positive
  All corn–cowpea intercrops had relative yield totals significantly above one.
  compared with unity
Economic aspects of intercropping systems of vegetables (okra, tomato and cowpea) · 2011
- positive
  The tomato–cowpea 2:1 intercrop increased net returns over sole cowpea by N129, 823.22 or US$865.49(233.18%).
  compared with sole cropping of tomato and cowpea
PRODUCTIVITY OF SUMMER LEGUME FORAGES INTERCROPPED WITH MAIZE AS AFFECTED BY MIXED CROPPING IN DIFFERENT SOWING TECHNIQUES · 2012
- positive
  Cowpea intercropped with maize in alternate 30 cm rows had the highest green forage yield, 13.31 t ha -1.
cited by 1 paper here
INFLUENCE OF CROPPING SYSTEM AND WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICE ON EMERGENCE, GROWTH OF WEEDS, YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) AND COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L.) · 2014
- positive
  Aggregate crop yields were significantly higher in intercropping than in sole plots.
  compared with sole plots
- positive
  Component crop yields were higher under sole cropping than under intercropping.
  compared with intercrop
EVALUATION OF COWPEA VARIETIES (VIGNA UNGUICULATA, L WALP) FOR INTERCROPPING WITH OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTA, L MOENCH) · 2014
- positive
  Intercropping enhanced cowpea growth and yield relative to sole cropping.
  compared with sole cropping
cites 2 papers here
Evaluation of Cowpea Plant Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer for Productivity of Sorghum/Cowpea Intercrops at Abergelle, Northern Ethiopia · 2016
- positive
  Intercropping had greater gross monetary value than sole cropping, reaching 14313.20 ETB ha -1 at 41 kg N ha -1 and 75% cowpea density.
  compared with sole cropping
- positive
  Intercropping had a higher land equivalent ratio than sole cropping, reaching 1.76 at 41 kg N ha -1 and 75% cowpea density.
  compared with sole cropping
cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here
Combining soil fertilization, cropping systems and improved varieties to minimize climate risks on farming productivity in northern region of Burkina Faso · 2016
- positive
  Under well-distributed rainfall, intercropping millet SOSAT-C88 with cowpea KVX 396-4-5-2D displayed higher cowpea production.
Influence of Maize and Cowpea Mixed Sowing on Forage Production and Quality Under Various Tillage Practices · 2016
- positive
  All intercropping treatments had high land equivalent ratios indicating yield advantage over sole cropping.
  compared with sole cropping
Effects of varying seed rates of intercrops on forageyield of sweet sorghum · 2016
- positive
  Intercropping enhanced digestible dry matter yield of cowpea and ricebean.
Studies on the Effect of Crop Geometry and Nutrient Management on Productivity and Economics of Baby Corn and Cowpea (Fodder) Intercropping System · 2016
- positive
  Total green fodder yield in intercropping systems was higher than sole cowpea.
  compared with sole cowpea
- positive
  Sole cowpea gave a significantly higher green fodder yield than the various intercropping systems.
  compared with various intercropping systems
Carbon Sequestration as a Function of Intercropping Management Practice and Different Nitrogenous Fertilizer Types · 2016
- positive
  Intercropping gives higher crop yield than sole crops
  compared with sole crops patterns ones
Effect of Plant Density and intercropping Pattern on yield and Competitive Relationships of Maize and Cowpea · 2016
- positive
  Intercropping increased cowpea harvest index.
- negative
  Intercropping significantly reduced cowpea biological and seed yield.
COWPEA GROWTH AND YIELD IN SOLE CROP AND INTERCROPPED WITH MILLET · 2017
- positive
  The 1Mx2C-0.50 intercrop had greater cowpea grain weight.
cites 1 paper here
Weed Management in Cowpea-A Review · 2017
- positive
  Intercropping cowpea with other legumes and cereals reduced weeds and raised grain and dry fodder yield relative to sole cropping.
  compared with sole crop
Effect of row spatial arrangements on agromorphological responses of maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] in an intercropping system in Southern Cote dIvoire · 2017
- positive
  The intercropping pattern 2M:C4 gave the highest land equivalent ratio for cowpea, 1.62.
  compared with cropping systems studied
cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here
Productivity and profitability of legume-cereal forages under different planting ratio and nitrogen fertilization · 2018
- positive
  Net return was highest, 57089.42, under the 2:1 intercropping ratio.
- positive
  The benefit:cost ratio was highest, 1.72, under the 2:1 intercropping ratio.
cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here
Intercropping Pineapple With Rice or Cowpea: An Alternative for Family Farming in the State of Tocantins, Brazil · 2019
- positive
  Cowpea yield increased when intercropped with pineapple.
cites 1 paper here
Cattle manure and intercropping effects on soil properties and growth and yield of pearl millet and cowpea in Namibia · 2019
- positive
  Intercropped cowpea yielded more than monoculture cowpea.
  compared with monocultures
Effect of Intercropping Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.) with Teosinte ( Zea mexicana Schrad ) on Forage Yield Productivity and Its Quality · 2019
- positive
  The 2:2 pattern gave the highest fresh and dry forage yields.
  compared with cowpea intercropped on the other side
- positive
  The 2:2 pattern with 75% teosinte and 50% cowpea gave the highest fresh and dry yields.
- negative
  Cowpea intercropped on the other side had the lowest forage yields.
  compared with Intercropping pattern of 2:2
cites 2 papers here
Productivity and Profitability of Cereal-Legume Forages Vis-a-Vis Their Effect on Soil Nutrient Status in Indo-Gangetic Plains · 2019
- positive
  Guinea grass intercropped with cowpea had a maximum yield advantage of 20.69% over sole guinea.
  compared with sole guinea
cites 1 paper here
Yield and yield components of local cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) landraces grown in mixed culture with maize (Zea maysL.) in vertic cambisols in the Northern part of Tanzania · 2019
- positive
  Combined cowpea and maize productivity increased under intercropping, with total land equivalent ratios of 1.64 to 1.94.
cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here
Intercropping maize and cowpea cultivars: I. Green-grain yield · 2019
- positive
  For green-grain yield in cowpea, intercropping was more advantageous when AG 1051 was combined with any cowpea cultivar.
Evaluation of the effect of maize-legume intercropping on soil moisture improvement in arid area of Bena-Tsemay district, South omo zone, Southern Ethiopia · 2020
- positive
  Intercropping boosted cowpea yield to an average 977.45 kg ha-1 versus other treatments.
  compared with other treatments
cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here
Effect of intercropping cow pea with pearl millet on forage yield and competitive relationships · 2020
- positive
  The 2:2 ridge intercrop had the highest land equivalent ratio and relative crowding coefficient.
- positive
  The 2:2 ridge intercrop had the highest total fresh and dry forage yields among intercrops.
Studies on Green Fodder Yield, Quality and Economics of Cereal Forage Sown alone and Intercrop with Cowpea · 2020
- positive
  The 2:1 ratio had the highest gross return, 79,731 Rs ha-1.
  compared with all other treatments
- positive
  The 2:1 sorghum–cowpea ratio produced significantly higher dry fodder yield of 103.30 q ha-1.
- positive
  The 2:1 ratio had the highest net return, 55,597 Rs ha-1.
  compared with all other treatments
- positive
  The 2:1 ratio had the highest benefit–cost ratio, 2.30.
  compared with all other treatments
Yield and Economic Assessments of Five Cowpea Varieties in Cowpea- Maize Strip Intercropping in Limpopo Province, South Africa · 2020
- positive
  IT82E-16 yielded more grain under monocropping and strip intercropping than mixed intercropping.
  compared with mixed intercropping
- positive
  Strip intercropping achieved threefold greater grain yield, LER and net profit than mixed intercropping.
  compared with mixed intercropping
- positive
  IT86D-1010 yielded more grain under monocropping and strip intercropping than mixed intercropping.
  compared with mixed intercropping
- positive
  Strip intercropping had a higher LER than mixed intercropping.
  compared with mixed intercropping
- positive
  IT87K-499-35 yielded more grain under monocropping and strip intercropping than mixed intercropping.
  compared with mixed intercropping
cites 3 papers herecited by 1 paper here
Comparative Experimental Effects of Intercropping and Cypermethrin on Insect Pest Infestation and Yield of Maize, Cowpea and Okra in Two Cameroonian Agro-Ecological Zones · 2021
- positive
  Total intercrop yield generally exceeded monoculture yield at both sites and in both years, with LER > 1.
  compared with mono-culture
- negative
  Per-crop yield was lower under intercropping than monoculture because of resource competition.
  compared with monoculture
cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here
Productivity of Phosphorus Fertilization in Cowpea-Maize Strip Intercropping under Rainfed Conditions · 2021
- positive
  Cowpea-maize strip intercropping had a land equivalent ratio greater than 1.0, above monocropping.
  compared with monocropping system
cites 2 papers herecited by 1 paper here
Performance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties under cowpea- maize strip intercropping and phosphorus fertilization in Limpopo Province, South Africa · 2021
- positive
  Strip intercropping had an advantageous benefit-cost ratio over monocropping.
  compared with monocropping
- positive
  Strip intercropping improved cowpea grain yield over monocropping.
  compared with monocropping
- positive
  Strip intercropping had advantageous land utilization, with LER above 1.00.
  compared with monocropping
Evaluation of the Suitability of Some Cowpea Genotype for Maize-Cowpea Intercrop in Northern Ghana · 2021
- positive
  Benefit Cost Ratio favored intercropping over sole cropping.
  compared with sole cropping
Growth and Yield Responses of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Nutrient Management Practices · 2022
- positive
  The 1M:1C maize-cowpea intercropping (C3) performed better for pods per plant and pod length.
- positive
  The 1M:1C intercropping (C3) gave a cowpea pod yield of 1.30 t/ha and performed better for pod and forage yield.
- positive
  The 1M:1C intercropping (C3) gave a cowpea forage yield of 5.49 t/ha and performed better for pod and forage yield.
- positive
  The 1M:1C intercropping (C3) gave a cowpea crop equivalent yield of 1.76 t/ha and performed better for it.
cites 2 papers here
How Does Maize-Cowpea Intercropping Maximize Land Use and Economic Return? A Field Trial in Bangladesh · 2022
- positive
  Intercropping improved land equivalent ratio over sole crops, particularly with maize three weeks later.
  compared with sole cropping of maize and cowpea
cited by 1 paper here
A first-year melon/cowpea intercropping system improves soil nutrients and changes the soil microbial community · 2022
- positive
  Intercropping significantly increased melon yield.
Cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp and chilli pepper Capsicum frutescens (L.) intercropping as affected by planting pattern and insect pest management in the rain forest area of Nigeria · 2022
- positive
  Alternate intercropping had higher cowpea grain yield than sole cropping.
  compared with sole cropping
- positive
  Alternate intercropping was superior for cowpea yield loss relative to sole cropping.
  compared with sole cropping
cites 1 paper here
Evaluation of Performance of Improved Cowpea Varieties in Cowpea-maize Strip Intercropping in Bela-Bela, Limpopo Province, South Africa · 2022
- positive
  TVu 13464 had enhanced grain yield and LER compared with Glenda under strip intercropping.
  compared with Glenda
- positive
  IT86D-1010 had enhanced grain yield and LER compared with Glenda under strip intercropping.
  compared with Glenda
- positive
  IT87K-499-35 had enhanced grain yield and LER compared with Glenda under strip intercropping.
  compared with Glenda
- positive
  IT82E-16 had enhanced grain yield and LER compared with Glenda under strip intercropping.
  compared with Glenda
- positive
  Strip intercropping improved yield attributes and LER relative to mixed intercropping.
  compared with mixed intercropping
cites 1 paper here
Role of fertilization regime on soil carbon sequestration and crop yield in a maize-cowpea intercropping system on low fertility soils · 2022
- positive
  Intercropping significantly enhanced cowpea grain yield over monoculture, with NPKEC strongest.
  compared with monoculture
Performance of food–feed maize and cowpea cultivars under monoculture and intercropping systems: Grain yield, fodder biomass, and nutritive value · 2023
- positive
  Intercropping had better productivity indexes than monoculture.
  compared with monoculture cropping system
cited by 1 paper here
PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE/COWPEA MIXED-INTERCROPPING AS INFLUENCED BY POULTRY MANURE, NITROGEN MANAGEMENT AND COWPEA VARIETIES IN SAMARU · 2023
- positive
  Intercropping gave higher yields than the sole crop.
  compared with sole
Assessment of the effects of NPK fertilizer on edible yield and agro-biological parameters in a cowpea–amaranth intercrop · 2023
- positive
  The authors report greater income from intercropping.
cites 2 papers here
Effect of Intercropping and Crop Arrangement on Yield and Yield Components of Late Season Maize and Cowpea in the Upland of Njala Soil Series Southern Sierra Leone · 2023
- positive
  Among intercrops, intercrop 1 had the highest grain weight, yield components and growth parameters.
  compared with intercrops
Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers] intercropping improves grain yield, fodder biomass, and nutritive value · 2023
- positive
  Intercropping was the most efficient land-use system for fodder biomass and grain yield improvement in both mother and baby trials.
  compared with monoculture
cites 1 paper here
Alleviating summer heat stress in cowpea-baby corn intercropping with stress-reducing chemicals and fertility variations · 2024
- positive
  Chlorophyll content of both crops and cowpea equivalent yield were maximum under 2:1 row-ratio cowpea and baby corn intercropping compared with other intercropping systems.
  compared with other intercropping systems
cites 1 paper here
Root and shoot studies of summer cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and baby corn (Zea mays) under intercropping system with different levels of fertility and stress-mitigating chemicals · 2024
- positive
  The 2:1 intercrop increased shoot and root weights, root-to-shoot ratio, CEY, and nodule traits over other ratios.
  compared with other row ratios
cites 1 paper here
Biological nitrogen fixation and intra- and interspecific competition in two vegetable/legume intercropping systems and their relationship to crop yield · 2024
- positive
  Cowpea relative yield was higher under mixed intercropping, at 41.45 g plant-1.
Evaluation of Some Cowpea Genotypes for Maize-Cowpea Intercropping System in the Sudan Savannah Ecology of Ghana · 2024
- positive
  Intercropping can maximize grain and biomass yields of some cowpea genotypes.
FODDER YIELD OF COWPEA INTERCROPPED WITH WATERMELON UNDER BORDER IRRIGATION SYSTEM · 2024
- positive
  Alternate-row intercropping of cowpea with watermelon gives higher number of branches than sole cropping and intra-row spacing
  compared with sole cropping and intra row spacing method
Soil quality and biological and economic efficiency of intercropping in the Brazilian semi-arid region · 2025
- positive
  Maize, cowpea and cotton intercropping increased cowpea yield by 31% versus cowpea monoculture.
  compared with cowpea monocrop
cites 1 paper here
Species combination determines whether forage mixtures gain in dry matter yield or crude protein concentration. A meta-analysis · 2025
- positive
  The net effect ratio for dry matter yield of maize/cowpea intercrops was higher than 1 (1.33±0.160).
Growth, Yield and Productivity of Maize + Cowpea Intercropping as Affected by Varietal Combination and Relative Times of Planting · 2025
- positive
  Cowpea grain yield peaked under sole cropping at 346.50 kg ha⁻¹ in 2021.
Crop diversification strategies for yield enhancement in finger millet-based cropping systems · 2025
- positive
  The residual finger millet-based intercropping system increased cowpea seed yield under finger millet + soybean intercropping.
- positive
  The residual finger millet-based intercropping system increased cowpea haulm yield under finger millet + soybean intercropping.
Intercropping of Cowpea and Buckwheat: A Sustainable Strategy for Higher Yield and Weed Suppression Under Water Deficit · 2026
- positive
  The 50B–50 C intercrop maintained higher yield stability under deficit irrigation.

Papers reporting a negative result or no effect 40

LAND USE EFFICIENCY, CANOPY DEVELOPMENT, DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND PLANT NUTRITION OF CASSAVA-GRAIN LEGUME INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS · 1983
- negative
  Cowpea seed yield and dry matter production fell by 26 to 40 percent under cassava intercropping.
Cassava‐Cowpea and Cassava‐Peanut Intercropping. I. Yield and Land Use Efficiency]¹ · 1986
- negative
  Intercropping reduced cowpea seed yield from 2227 to 1328 kg ha −1 in 1982.
- negative
  Intercropping reduced cowpea seed yield from 3195 to 2170 kg ha −1 in 1981.
Relative Sowing Time and Density of Component Crops in a Maize/Cowpea Intercrop System · 1987
- negative
  Intercrop cowpea yields were less than sole cowpea yields at all sowings.
  compared with sole cowpea yields
cited by 2 papers here
Relative Sowing Time and Density of Component Crops in a Maize/Cowpea Intercrop System · 1987
- negative
  Intercrop cowpea yields were lower than sole cowpea yields at all sowings
  compared with sole cowpea yields
cited by 1 paper here
Response of tomato and okra to nitrogen fertilizer in sole cropping and intercropping with cowpea · 1991
- negative
  Intercropping reduced cowpea grain yield by up to 55%.
cited by 1 paper here
Effect of planting dates and growth habits of cassava and cowpea on their yield and compatibility · 1996
- no effect
  Intercropping cassava had no effect on cowpea yield.
Effect of Relative Sowing Time on the Growth and Yield of the Component Crops in Okra/Maize and Okra/Cowpea Intercropping Systems · 1997
- negative
  Intercropping reduced cowpea growth and yield relative to sole cropping.
  compared with sole crops
cites 1 paper here
491 Intercropping of Spring-planted Sugarcane with Sweetpotato and Cowpea Under Conditions of Middle Egypt · 2000
- negative
  Sugarcane intercropping reduced cowpea yield to 29.9% of sole-crop yield
  compared with sole crop
Crop yield, C and N balance of three types of cropping systems on an Ultisol in Northern Lampung · 2000
- negative
  Hedgerow intercropping gave lower cowpea yields than a crop rotation with legume cover crops.
  compared with a crop rotation with legume cover crops
Crop productivity and land use efficiency in cassava-maize system as influenced by cowpea and melon populations. · 2000
- negative
  Intercropping reduced the number of seeds per cowpea pod
Effect of Planting Pattern on Growth and Yield of Tomato-Cowpea Intercrops · 2001
- negative
  Cowpea growth and grim yields were significantly depressed in crop combinations, especially TC 2:1.
Potential role of Ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) in agroforestry systems for sustainable rainfed agriculture in Gujarat · 2006
- negative
  Intercropping arable legumes between Ardu tree rows reduced production compared with sole cropping.
  compared with sole
Effect Of Cowpea Planting Density On Growth, Yield And Productivity Of Component Crops In Cowpea/Cassava Intercropping System · 2008
- no effect
  Cowpea grain yield was not significantly affected by intercropping.
cited by 1 paper here
Growth and development of components of sorghum/cowpea intercrop in Northern Nigeria · 2008
- no effect
  Sorghum intercropping did not affect cowpea plant counts after emergence and at harvest.
Productivity of millet/cowpea intercrop as affected by cowpea genotype and row arrangement · 2008
- negative
  Intercropping with millet reduced mean cowpea grain yield by 47%.
cited by 1 paper here
Effect of Primextra and Intercropping on the Performance of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in a Cowpea/Maize Intercrop · 2010
- negative
  Intercropped cowpea yield was 51% of pure stand cowpea yield treated with primextra.
  compared with pure stand cowpea treated with primextra
- negative
  Intercropped cowpea yield was 58% of pure stand cowpea yield treated with hoe weeding.
  compared with pure stand cowpea treated with primextra and hoe weeding
Productivity of cocoyam/ cowpea intercropas influenced by cowpea growth habit · 2010
- negative
  Intercropping reduced pod yield of vegetable cowpea climbing Akidi enu by 22% relative to sole cropping.
  compared with sole cropping
- negative
  Intercropping reduced pod yield of vegetable cowpea semi erect IT81D-128-14 by 27% relative to sole cropping.
  compared with sole cropping
- negative
  Intercropping reduced pod yield of vegetable cowpea erect IT86F-2014-1 by 21% relative to sole cropping.
  compared with sole cropping
Leaf Harvesting Time and Frequency Affect Vegetative and Grain Yield of Cowpea · 2010
- negative
  Cowpea intercropped with maize had lower plant productivity than monocropped cowpea.
  compared with monocropped cowpea
The Influence of Preceding Crops and Intercropping Maize with Cowpea on Productivity and Associated Weeds · 2011
- negative
  Seed yield of cowpea decreased more under intercropping, by 74.3 percent compared with solid planting.
  compared with solid planting
- negative
  Forage yield of cowpea decreased more under intercropping, by 52.2 percent compared with solid planting.
  compared with solid planting
Effect of Cowpea Intercropping Date in Maize and Sorghum Fields on Productivity and Infestation Weed · 2011
- negative
  Late cowpea intercropping with sorghum reduced cowpea forage yield.
  compared with solid cropping of cowpea
- negative
  Late cowpea intercropping with maize reduced cowpea forage yield.
  compared with solid cropping of cowpea
cites 1 paper here
UPRIGHT VARIETIES OUT-YIELD CLIMBING COWPEA VARIETIES AND LEAF STRIPPING AND DETASSELLING ENHANCES PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE/COWPEA INTERCROPS · 2012
- negative
  Upright cowpea varieties grown as sole crops suffered significantly less yield reduction (19.5%-36.6%) when intercropped with maize than the climbing variety R ex-Mbare.
  compared with sole crops
- negative
  The climbing cowpea variety R ex-Mbare suffered a 68.5% yield reduction when intercropped with maize.
  compared with sole crops
Effects of Intercropping on the Performance of Maize and Cowpeas in Botswana · 2012
- no effect
  Intercropping had no significant effect on cowpea seeds per pod or seed weight.
  compared with sole cowpea cropNo difference from an alternative treatment
cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here
INTERCROPPING WITH WHEAT AFFECTED CROP PRODUCTIVITY · 2012
- negative
  Seed yield of the component crops was reduced in intercropping compared with their sole crops.
  compared with their sole crops
Effects of Intra-Interspesific Competitions on Yield and Yield Component of Maize under Different Intercropping Patterns · 2012
- negative
  Intercropped sorghum, soybean and cowpea yields and components fell relative to sole crops.
  compared with solid
The effect of intercropping maize with cowpea and lablab on crop yield · 2013
- negative
  Sole crops had more pods per plant than intercrops.
  compared with sole crops
cited by 4 papers here
Effects of Geometric row Arrangement on Growth and Yield of Cowpea in a Maize- Cowpea Intercrop · 2013
- no effect
  Intercropped and sole cowpea did not differ significantly in plant height, leaf number or branch number.
  compared with sole cowpea plantsNo difference from an alternative treatment
cited by 1 paper here
Effect Of Spatial Arrangement On The Performance Of Cowpea /Maize Intercrop In Derived Savannah Of Nigeria · 2013
- no effect
  Cowpea grain yield from alternate row intercrop was similar to sole cowpea in 2009 and 2010.
  compared with sole cowpeaNo difference from an alternative treatment
Effects of Intercrop Population Density and Row Orientation on Growth and Yields of Sorghum - Cowpea Cropping Systems in Semi Arid Rongai, Kenya · 2014
- no effect
  Cowpea density had no significant effect on harvest indices.
cites 1 paper herecited by 2 papers here
Soil Fertility, Weed Biomass And Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp ) Performance Under Different Cowpea – Based Intercropping Systems · 2014
- negative
  Intercropping reduced cowpea seed yield versus sole cowpea.
  compared with SCC
Effect of cowpea on growth and yield parameter in a maize-cowpea intercrop · 2014
- no effect
  Growth parameters of cowpea did not differ significantly between intercropped and sole cowpea plants.
  compared with sole cowpea plantsNo difference from an alternative treatment
Effect Of Cowpea (Vigna Sinensis L.) With Maize (Zea Mays L.) Intercropping On Yield And Its Components · 2015
- negative
  Fresh and dry forage yields of cowpea were lower when intercropped with maize than in sole cowpea.
  compared with sole cowpea
cited by 5 papers here
Cultivation of cassava and cowpea in intercropping systems held in Roraima’s savannah, Brazil · 2015
- negative
  Intercropping reduces grain yield of cowpea regardless of the arrangement.
Cassava-legume intercrop: II. Effects of relative planting dates of legumes on the productivity of legumes · 2019
- no effect
  Intercropping had no effect on cowpea yield.
Can Intercropping Increase Climate Resilience of Smallholder Dryland Cropping Systems? Insights from Experimentation and Modelling · 2019
- no effect
  Cowpea yielded 0.8 t/ha both intercropped and alone.
  compared with sole cropNo difference from an alternative treatment
Integrated Management of Aphis craccivora in Cowpea Using Intercropping and Entomopathogenic Fungi under Field Conditions · 2020
- no effect
  In the short rainy season, leaf yield of the ICIPE 62-treated intercrop was similar to that of the same treatment in the cold and dry season.
  compared with cowpea–maize intercrop treated with ICIPE 62 in the cold and dry seasonNo difference from an alternative treatment
- no effect
  In the cold and dry season, leaf yield of the intercrop treated with ICIPE 62 was comparable to cowpea monocrop treated with ICIPE 62.
  compared with cowpea monocrop treated with ICIPE 62No difference from an alternative treatment
cites 1 paper here
STUDY OF PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF INTERCROPPING COWPEA WITH MAIZE UNDER THREE IRRIGATION WATER LEVELS AND THEIR RESPONSE TO INSECT INFESTATION AND VIRAL INFECTION · 2021
- negative
  Intercropping lowered cowpea branch number and forage yield.
  compared with sole cowpea
cites 1 paper here
Can intercropping be an adaptation to drought? A model‐based analysis for pearl millet–cowpea · 2021
- no effect
  Intercropping gave similar total yield to sole pearl millet.
  compared with sole pearl milletNo difference from an alternative treatment
Grewia tenax for Sustainable Agroforestry Farming in Saline Soils of Khartoum State of Sudan · 2022
- no effect
  Cow pea yield did not differ between intercropped plots and the control.
  compared with the control
Intercropped Maize and Cowpea Increased the Land Equivalent Ratio and Enhanced Crop Access to More Nitrogen and Phosphorus Compared to Cultivation as Sole Crops · 2024
- negative
  Intercropped cowpea grain yield was lower, 1.51 versus 2.25 t ha−1.
cites 1 paper herecited by 1 paper here
Occurrence of oidium in cowpea influenced by cropping system and planting season · 2026
- no effect
  Intercropped cowpea maintained stable productivity per plant despite a 50% reduction in plant density.

A paper is on the positive side when any of its claims here is positive. Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. Claims that compare genotypes are left out; a claim about lacking a nutrient counts the other way round in that nutrient’s question. “Results differ” marks a question where two model reviewers, reading both claims, accepted at least one pair of papers whose results differ.

intercropping · Yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)

Papers whose results differ, checked claim by claim 3

How these papers cite each other

Papers reporting a positive result 63

Papers reporting a negative result or no effect 40

intercropping on Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) against other targets

intercropping · yield on other organisms