Abstract
Indian agriculture is confronted with a multitude of sustainability challenges, including the impacts of climate change, inefficiencies in input usage, depletion of natural resources, soil degradation, excessive energy consumption, and various environmental concerns viz., burning of the crop residues. Tackling these challenges necessitates integrated strategies that foster climate-resilient farming, optimize resource utilization, and encourage the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. To address these issues, a field study was conducted focusing on millet + legume combination, wherein soybean, green gram and black gram were intercropped with finger millet, and cowpea was grown as sequence crop. The Randomized Complete Block Design with Factorial concept with three replications was employed to assess the effectiveness of different finger millet-based legume intercropping systems and varied levels of recommended doses of fertilizers (RDF) to intercrops. The findings revealed that, among the different intercropping systems, the combination of finger millet + green gram recorded significantly higher (p=0.05) grain (2513.10 kg/ha) and straw (7526.19 kg/ha) yield of finger millet The same intercropping system yielded significantly (p=0.05) higher seed (899.40 kg/ha) and haulm yield (2295.12 kg/ha) of green gram compared to other intercrops. Among the nutrient management approaches, applying 75% RDF to the component crops resulted in the highest grain/seed yield (2688.98 kg/ha for finger millet and 932.46 kg/ha for green gram) and straw/haulm yield (7850.88 kg/ha for finger millet and 2122.74 kg/ha for green gram). The residual impact of the finger millet-based intercropping system on a subsequent cowpea crop led to a notable increase in its seed yield (1599.66 kg/ha) and haulm yield (3445 kg/ha) under finger millet + soybean intercropping system, where 75% RDF was supplied to soybean. Additionally, productivity metrics such as finger millet equivalent yield (FMEY), land-equivalent ratio (LER), competition ratio (CR), and area-time equivalent ratio (ATER) were maximized in the finger millet + green gram intercropping system. These findings underscore that the combination of green gram with finger millet, along with the application of 75% RDF, significantly (p=0.05) boosts the overall productivity of the intercropping system.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Finger millet grain yield was significantly higher in the finger millet + green gram intercropping system than in other intercropping systems.
- Taxon
- finger millet
Eleusine coracanae0 - Treatment
- finger millet + green grame0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2513.10 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- p=0.05e0
- Comparator
- different intercropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“among the different intercropping systems, the combination of finger millet + green gram recorded significantly higher (p=0.05) grain (2513.10 kg/ha) and straw (7526.19 kg/ha) yield of finger millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Finger millet straw yield was significantly higher in the finger millet + green gram intercropping system than in other intercropping systems.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanae0
- Treatment
- finger millet + green grame0
- Outcome
- strawe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 7526.19 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- p=0.05e0
- Comparator
- different intercropping systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“among the different intercropping systems, the combination of finger millet + green gram recorded significantly higher (p=0.05) grain (2513.10 kg/ha) and straw (7526.19 kg/ha) yield of finger millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Green gram seed yield was significantly higher in the finger millet + green gram intercropping system than in other intercrops.
- Taxon
- green gram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatae1 - Treatment
- finger millet + green grame0
- Outcome
- seede1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 899.40 kg/hae1
- Qualifier
- p=0.05e1
- Comparator
- other intercropse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“among the different intercropping systems, the combination of finger millet + green gram recorded significantly higher (p=0.05) grain (2513.10 kg/ha) and straw (7526.19 kg/ha) yield of finger millet”
e1“The same intercropping system yielded significantly (p=0.05) higher seed (899.40 kg/ha) and haulm yield (2295.12 kg/ha) of green gram compared to other intercrops”
Claim · model-written summary
Green gram haulm yield was significantly higher in the finger millet + green gram intercropping system than in other intercrops.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae1
- Treatment
- finger millet + green grame0
- Outcome
- haulm yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 2295.12 kg/hae1
- Qualifier
- p=0.05e1
- Comparator
- other intercropse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“among the different intercropping systems, the combination of finger millet + green gram recorded significantly higher (p=0.05) grain (2513.10 kg/ha) and straw (7526.19 kg/ha) yield of finger millet”
e1“The same intercropping system yielded significantly (p=0.05) higher seed (899.40 kg/ha) and haulm yield (2295.12 kg/ha) of green gram compared to other intercrops”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 75% RDF to the component crops gave the highest finger millet grain/seed yield.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanae2
- Treatment
- 75% RDFe2
- Outcome
- grain/seed yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 2688.98 kg/hae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“applying 75% RDF to the component crops resulted in the highest grain/seed yield (2688.98 kg/ha for finger millet and 932.46 kg/ha for green gram)”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 75% RDF to the component crops gave the highest green gram grain/seed yield.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae2
- Treatment
- 75% RDFe2
- Outcome
- grain/seed yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 932.46 kg/hae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“applying 75% RDF to the component crops resulted in the highest grain/seed yield (2688.98 kg/ha for finger millet and 932.46 kg/ha for green gram)”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 75% RDF to the component crops gave the highest finger millet straw/haulm yield.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanae3
- Treatment
- 75% RDFe2
- Outcome
- straw/haulm yielde3
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 7850.88 kg/hae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“applying 75% RDF to the component crops resulted in the highest grain/seed yield (2688.98 kg/ha for finger millet and 932.46 kg/ha for green gram)”
e3“straw/haulm yield (7850.88 kg/ha for finger millet and 2122.74 kg/ha for green gram)”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 75% RDF to the component crops gave the highest green gram straw/haulm yield.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae3
- Treatment
- 75% RDFe2
- Outcome
- straw/haulm yielde3
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 2122.74 kg/hae3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“applying 75% RDF to the component crops resulted in the highest grain/seed yield (2688.98 kg/ha for finger millet and 932.46 kg/ha for green gram)”
e3“straw/haulm yield (7850.88 kg/ha for finger millet and 2122.74 kg/ha for green gram)”
Claim · model-written summary
The residual finger millet-based intercropping system increased cowpea seed yield under finger millet + soybean intercropping.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae4 - Treatment
- finger millet + soybean intercropping systeme4
- Outcome
- seed yielde4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 1599.66 kg/hae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The residual impact of the finger millet-based intercropping system on a subsequent cowpea crop led to a notable increase in its seed yield (1599.66 kg/ha) and haulm yield (3445 kg/ha) under finger millet + soybean intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
The residual finger millet-based intercropping system increased cowpea haulm yield under finger millet + soybean intercropping.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae4
- Treatment
- finger millet + soybean intercropping systeme4
- Outcome
- haulm yielde4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 3445 kg/hae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The residual impact of the finger millet-based intercropping system on a subsequent cowpea crop led to a notable increase in its seed yield (1599.66 kg/ha) and haulm yield (3445 kg/ha) under finger millet + soybean intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Finger millet equivalent yield, land-equivalent ratio and competition ratio were maximized in the finger millet + green gram intercropping system.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanae5
- Treatment
- finger millet + green gram intercropping systeme5
- Outcome
- finger millet equivalent yield (FMEY), land-equivalent ratio (LER), competition ratio (CR)e5
- Direction
- maximizede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“productivity metrics such as finger millet equivalent yield (FMEY), land-equivalent ratio (LER), competition ratio (CR), and area-time equivalent ratio (ATER) were maximized in the finger millet + green gram intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Area-time equivalent ratio was maximized in the finger millet + green gram intercropping system.
- Taxon
- finger milletEleusine coracanae5
- Treatment
- finger millet + green gram intercropping systeme5
- Outcome
- area-time equivalent ratio (ATER)e5
- Direction
- maximizede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“productivity metrics such as finger millet equivalent yield (FMEY), land-equivalent ratio (LER), competition ratio (CR), and area-time equivalent ratio (ATER) were maximized in the finger millet + green gram intercropping system”
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