Abstract
The present investigation was carried out at Giza Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt during the two successive seasons 2016 and 2017. The objective of this investigation was to assess the effect of applied irrigation water, infestation with insects and infection with virus on cowpea and maize productivity, as well as farmer income under intercropping condition. The experiment included nine treatments which were the combinations between three applied irrigation water levels (80, 100 and 120% of the recommended applied irrigation water level of maize) and three cropping systems (intercropping cowpea with maize, sole cowpea and sole maize), in addition to recommended sole maize that grown on ridges 70 cm width and received 100% of applied irrigation water. The experimental design was a strip plot with three replications. Irrigation water treatments were randomly assigned to the vertical strips and cropping systems were allocated in the horizental strips. Data indicated that the highest applied irrigation water level (120% ETo) had higher water consumptive use than the others. The intercrops had higher water consumptive use than those of sole plantings. With respect to maize crop, increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% ETo significantly increased infestation with aphids, jassids, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whiteflies on maize leaves, as well as higher grain yield per ha and its attributes. Intercropped maize had higher infestation with aphids, jassids, cotton leafworm and whiteflies, as well as ear leaf area per plant than those of sole maize, meanwhile, the reverse was true for greater sugarcane borer. Intercropped maize plants that received the highest applied irrigation water (120% ETo) had higher infestation with aphids, jassids and cotton leaf worm on maize leaves than the other treatments, meanwhile higher ear leaf area per plant was recorded by application of the recommended applied irrigation water of maize (100% ETo). With respect to cowpea crop, increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% ETo significantly increased infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whiteflies, as well as soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection on cowpea leaves, beside higher plant height, number of branches per plant and forage yield per ha. Intercropped cowpea had lower infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly and Hawaiian beet webworm, as well as lower SMV infection and number of branches per plant and forage yield per ha than those of sole cowpea. Sole cowpea that received the recommended applied irrigation water of maize (100% ETo) had higher infestation with Hawaiian beet webworm, jassids and leaf miner fly on cowpea leaves than the other treatments, meanwhile, SMV infection was not by the interaction between applied irrigation water levels and cropping systems. Sole cowpea that received the highest applied irrigation water level (120% ETo) had a higher number of branches per plant and forage yield per ha than the other treatments. With respect to competitive and water relationships, as well as economic return, land equivalent ratio (LER) and land equivalent coefficient (LEC) gave higher values over 1.00 and 0.25, respectively, with higher water equivalent ratio (WER) and net return by intercropping cowpea with maize that received 100% ETo in both seasons. These results show that growing two rows of maize on beds 140 cm width (one row/side) with growing two rows of cowpea in middle of maize beds with the application of the recommended applied irrigation water level of maize reduced aphids, jassids and cotton leafworm on maize leaves, and jassids, leaf miner fly and Hawaiian beet webworm on cowpea leaves, as well as increased maize grain and cowpea forage yields per ha, land and water usages, as well as economic return.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
The highest irrigation level gave the greatest water consumptive use.
- Taxon
- cowpea and maize
Vigna unguiculata
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- 120% EToe1
- Outcome
- water consumptive usee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- the otherse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cowpea and maize productivity”
e1“the highest applied irrigation water level (120% ETo) had higher water consumptive use than the others.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercrops used more water than sole plantings.
- Taxon
- cowpea and maizeVigna unguiculataZea mayse0
- Treatment
- intercropse1
- Outcome
- water consumptive usee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- sole plantingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cowpea and maize productivity”
e1“The intercrops had higher water consumptive use than those of sole plantings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation from 80 to 120% ETo significantly raised maize leaf infestation by aphids, jassids, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whiteflies.
- Treatment
- increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% EToe0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Second interactor
- jassidse0pest
- Outcome
- infestation with aphids, jassids, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whiteflies on maize leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whitefliese0
- Comparator
- 80e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With respect to maize crop, increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% ETo significantly increased infestation with aphids, jassids, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whiteflies on maize leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation from 80 to 120% ETo increased maize grain yield and attributes.
- Treatment
- increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% EToe0
- Outcome
- grain yield per ha and its attributese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 80e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With respect to maize crop, increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% ETo significantly increased infestation with aphids, jassids, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whiteflies on maize leaves, as well as higher grain yield per ha and its attributes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped maize had higher infestation by aphids, jassids, cotton leafworm and whiteflies than sole maize.
- Treatment
- Intercroppede0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Second interactor
- jassidse0pest
- Outcome
- infestation with aphids, jassids, cotton leafworm and whitefliese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sole maizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropped maize had higher infestation with aphids, jassids, cotton leafworm and whiteflies, as well as ear leaf area per plant than those of sole maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped maize had greater ear leaf area than sole maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropped maize had higher infestation with aphids, jassids, cotton leafworm and whiteflies, as well as ear leaf area per plant than those of sole maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped maize had lower sugarcane borer infestation than sole maize.
- Treatment
- Intercroppede0
- Interactor
- sugarcane borer
Diatraea saccharalise0pest - Outcome
- sugarcane borere0
- Comparator
- sole maizee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropped maize had higher infestation with aphids, jassids, cotton leafworm and whiteflies, as well as ear leaf area per plant than those of sole maize, meanwhile, the reverse was true for greater sugarcane borer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped maize at 120% ETo had more aphids, jassids and cotton leaf worm than other treatments.
- Treatment
- highest applied irrigation water (120% ETo)e0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Second interactor
- jassidse0pest
- Outcome
- infestation with aphids, jassids and cotton leaf worm on maize leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropped maize plants that received the highest applied irrigation water (120% ETo) had higher infestation with aphids, jassids and cotton leaf worm on maize leaves than the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropped maize at 100% ETo had higher ear leaf area.
- Treatment
- recommended applied irrigation water of maize (100% ETo)e0
- Outcome
- ear leaf area per plante0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher ear leaf area per plant was recorded by application of the recommended applied irrigation water of maize (100% ETo)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation significantly increased cowpea infestation by six insect pests.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% EToe0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Second interactor
- jassidse0pest
- Outcome
- infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whitefliese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 80e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With respect to cowpea crop, increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% ETo significantly increased infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whiteflies”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation increased soybean mosaic virus infection in cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% EToe0
- Interactor
- soybean mosaic virus (SMV)
Soybean mosaic viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection on cowpea leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 80e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With respect to cowpea crop, increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% ETo significantly increased infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whiteflies, as well as soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection on cowpea leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation increased cowpea height, branch number and forage yield.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% EToe0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of branches per plant and forage yield per hae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 80e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With respect to cowpea crop, increasing applied irrigation water from 80 to 120% ETo significantly increased infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly, Hawaiian beet webworm, cotton leafworm and whiteflies, as well as soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection on cowpea leaves, beside higher plant height, number of branches per plant and forage yield per ha.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping reduced cowpea infestation by aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly and Hawaiian beet webworm.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Intercroppede0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Second interactor
- jassidse0pest
- Outcome
- infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly and Hawaiian beet webworme0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- sole cowpeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropped cowpea had lower infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly and Hawaiian beet webworm, as well as lower SMV infection and number of branches per plant and forage yield per ha than those of sole cowpea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping reduced cowpea SMV infection.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Intercroppede0
- Interactor
- SMVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- SMV infectione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- sole cowpeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropped cowpea had lower infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly and Hawaiian beet webworm, as well as lower SMV infection and number of branches per plant and forage yield per ha than those of sole cowpea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping lowered cowpea branch number and forage yield.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- Intercroppede0
- Outcome
- number of branches per plant and forage yield per hae0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- sole cowpeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intercropped cowpea had lower infestation with aphids, jassids, leaf miner fly and Hawaiian beet webworm, as well as lower SMV infection and number of branches per plant and forage yield per ha than those of sole cowpea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole cowpea at 100% ETo had higher Hawaiian beet webworm, jassid and leaf miner fly infestation than other treatments.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- recommended applied irrigation water of maize (100% ETo)e0
- Interactor
- Hawaiian beet webworme0pest
- Second interactor
- jassidse0pest
- Outcome
- infestation with Hawaiian beet webworm, jassids and leaf miner fly on cowpea leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole cowpea that received the recommended applied irrigation water of maize (100% ETo) had higher infestation with Hawaiian beet webworm, jassids and leaf miner fly on cowpea leaves than the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole cowpea at 120% ETo had more branches and forage yield than other treatments.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- highest applied irrigation water level (120% ETo)e0
- Outcome
- number of branches per plant and forage yield per hae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole cowpea that received the highest applied irrigation water level (120% ETo) had a higher number of branches per plant and forage yield per ha than the other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% ETo, intercropping gave LER above 1.00 and LEC above 0.25.
- Taxon
- cowpea with maizee0
- Treatment
- intercropping cowpea with maize that received 100% EToe0
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratio (LER)e1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 1.00e1
- Qualifier
- land equivalent coefficient (LEC) gave higher values over 1.00 and 0.25e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“intercropping cowpea with maize that received 100% ETo”
e1“land equivalent ratio (LER) and land equivalent coefficient (LEC) gave higher values over 1.00 and 0.25, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100% ETo, intercropping improved water equivalent ratio and net return.
- Taxon
- cowpea with maizee0
- Treatment
- intercropping cowpea with maize that received 100% EToe0
- Outcome
- water equivalent ratio (WER) and net returne0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“higher water equivalent ratio (WER) and net return by intercropping cowpea with maize that received 100% ETo”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend the stated bed layout and 100% irrigation for lower pest loads and higher crop yields and returns.
- Outcome
- growing two rows of maize on beds 140 cm width (one row/side) with growing two rows of cowpea in middle of maize bedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results show that growing two rows of maize on beds 140 cm width (one row/side) with growing two rows of cowpea in middle of maize beds with the application of the recommended applied irrigation water level of maize reduced aphids, jassids and cotton leafworm on maize leaves, and jassids, leaf miner fly and Hawaiian beet webworm on cowpea leaves, as well as increased maize grain and cowpea forage yields per ha, land and water usages, as well as economic return.”
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See all 1,016 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.