Abstract
The cell wall is essential for plants. In an elongating cell, the cellulose microfibrils are wrapped transversely around the cell, thus allowing longitudinal expansion but restricting lateral expansion. The signaling pathways that regulate cell wall biosynthesis in response to developmental and environmental cues are still poorly understood. I describe the cloning and characterization of two Arabidopsis thaliana LRR receptor-like kinases, FEI1 and FEI2, that act as positive regulators of cell wall biosynthesis. Mutations in FEI1 and FEI2 disrupt anisotropic expansion and the synthesis of cell wall polymers, and act additively with inhibitors or mutations disrupting cellulose biosynthesis. In addition, I demonstrate that FEI1 is an active protein kinase; however, a kinase-inactive version of FEI1 was able to fully complement the fei1 fei2 mutant, suggesting intrinsic kinase activity is not required for FEI function in roots. The expansion defect in fei1 fei2 roots was suppressed by inhibition of ACC synthase, an enzyme that converts Ado-Met to ACC in ethylene biosynthesis, but not by disruption of the ethylene response pathway. Furthermore, the FEI proteins interact directly with ACC synthase. These results suggest that the FEI proteins define a novel signaling pathway that regulates cell wall function, likely via an ACC-mediated signal. To further our understanding of the FEI pathway in mediating cell wall biosynthesis, a suppressor screen was carried out and nine suppressors (shou1-shou8) which represent mutation in eight different genes or complementation groups have been identified. Two suppressors have been further studied. shou1 was mapped to bottom arm of chromosome 5 and found to encode a pentatricopeptide repeat protein. In addition, two alleles of shou2 have been identified and mapped to a 47kb region on the upper arm of chromosome 1. Paradoxically, shou2 also inhibits root hair elongation. These studies have uncovered a novel signaling pathway regulating cell wall biosynthesis.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
FEI1 and FEI2 act as positive regulators of Arabidopsis cell wall biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Gene
- FEI1 and FEI2e0
- Outcome
- cell wall biosynthesise0
- Direction
- positive regulatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FEI1 and FEI2, that act as positive regulators of cell wall biosynthesis”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FEI1 and FEI2 mutations disrupt anisotropic expansion.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Mutations in FEI1 and FEI2e0
- Gene
- FEI1 and FEI2e0
- Outcome
- anisotropic expansione0
- Direction
- disrupte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mutations in FEI1 and FEI2 disrupt anisotropic expansion and the synthesis of cell wall polymers”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FEI1 and FEI2 mutations disrupt cell wall polymer synthesis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Mutations in FEI1 and FEI2e0
- Gene
- FEI1 and FEI2e0
- Outcome
- the synthesis of cell wall polymerse0
- Direction
- disrupte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mutations in FEI1 and FEI2 disrupt anisotropic expansion and the synthesis of cell wall polymers”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FEI mutations act additively with cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors or disrupting mutations.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- inhibitors or mutations disrupting cellulose biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- cellulose biosynthesise0
- Direction
- additivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“act additively with inhibitors or mutations disrupting cellulose biosynthesis”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FEI1 is an active protein kinase.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- FEI1e0
- Outcome
- active protein kinasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FEI1 is an active protein kinase”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinase-inactive FEI1 fully complemented the fei1 fei2 mutant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- fei1 fei2 mutante0
- Treatment
- a kinase-inactive version of FEI1e0
- Gene
- FEI1e0
- Outcome
- complement the fei1 fei2 mutante0
- Direction
- fully complemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a kinase-inactive version of FEI1 was able to fully complement the fei1 fei2 mutant”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting ACC synthase suppressed the expansion defect in fei1 fei2 roots.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- fei1 fei2e0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- inhibition of ACC synthasee0
- Gene
- ACC synthasee0
- Outcome
- expansion defecte0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expansion defect in fei1 fei2 roots was suppressed by inhibition of ACC synthase”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Disrupting ethylene response did not suppress the fei1 fei2 root expansion defect.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- fei1 fei2e0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- disruption of the ethylene response pathwaye0
- Outcome
- expansion defecte0
- Direction
- not bye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expansion defect in fei1 fei2 roots was suppressed by inhibition of ACC synthase, an enzyme that converts Ado-Met to ACC in ethylene biosynthesis, but not by disruption of the ethylene response pathway”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FEI proteins interact directly with ACC synthase.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- FEI proteinse0
- Outcome
- interact directly with ACC synthasee0
- Direction
- interact directlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the FEI proteins interact directly with ACC synthase”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
A suppressor screen identified nine suppressors representing eight genes or complementation groups.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- shou1-shou8e0
- Outcome
- suppressorse0
- Value
- nine suppressorse0
- Qualifier
- eight different genes or complementation groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nine suppressors (shou1-shou8) which represent mutation in eight different genes or complementation groups have been identified”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
shou1 mapped to chromosome 5 and encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- shou1e0
- Outcome
- pentatricopeptide repeat proteine0
- Qualifier
- bottom arm of chromosome 5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shou1 was mapped to bottom arm of chromosome 5 and found to encode a pentatricopeptide repeat protein”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Two shou2 alleles mapped to a 47kb region on chromosome 1.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- shou2e0
- Outcome
- alleles of shou2e0
- Value
- 47kbe0
- Qualifier
- upper arm of chromosome 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two alleles of shou2 have been identified and mapped to a 47kb region on the upper arm of chromosome 1”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
shou2 inhibits root hair elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- root haire0
- Gene
- shou2e0
- Outcome
- root hair elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shou2 also inhibits root hair elongation”
t0“Arabidopsis”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · cytology · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
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