Abstract
Mutants are ideal for studying physiological processes. The leaves of Chinese cabbage are a major place for photosynthesis, and the mutation of these leaves may directly affect the rate of plant growth and development, thus influencing the formation of its leafy head. We characterized a slow-growing mutant, which was designated as drm. The drm exhibited slow growth and development at the seedling and heading stages, leading to the production of a tiny, leafy head, and chlorophyll-deficient leaves, especially in seedlings. Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype of drm was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Compared with the wild-type "FT" line, the drm's chlorophyll content was significantly reduced and its chloroplast structure was abnormal. Moreover, its photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly decreased. The changes in leaf color, combined with these altered physiological characters, may influence the growth and development of plant, ultimately resulting in the slow-growing phenotype. To further understand the molecular regulation mechanisms of phenotypic differences between "FT" and drm, comparative transcriptome analyses were performed using RNA-Seq; a total of 338 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between "FT" and drm. According to GO and KEGG pathway analysis, a number of DEGs involved in chlorophyll degradation and photosynthesis were identified, such as chlorophyllase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. In addition, the expression patterns of 12 DEGs, including three chlorophyll degradation- and photosynthesis-related genes and nine randomly-selected genes, were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms were also identified, providing a valuable resource for research and molecular marker-assistant breeding in Chinese cabbage. These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular regulation mechanisms underlying growth and development and lay the foundation for future genetic and functional genomics in Chinese cabbage.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The drm mutant exhibited slow growth and development at the seedling and heading stages
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0 - Material
- drme1
- Organ / stage
- seedling and heading stagese1
- Outcome
- slow growth and developmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e1“The drm exhibited slow growth and development at the seedling and heading stages, leading to the production of a tiny, leafy head, and chlorophyll-deficient leaves, especially in seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The drm mutant produced a tiny, leafy head
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Material
- drme1
- Outcome
- tiny, leafy heade1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e1“The drm exhibited slow growth and development at the seedling and heading stages, leading to the production of a tiny, leafy head, and chlorophyll-deficient leaves, especially in seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The drm mutant had chlorophyll-deficient leaves, especially in seedlings
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Material
- drme1
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll-deficient leavese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e1“The drm exhibited slow growth and development at the seedling and heading stages, leading to the production of a tiny, leafy head, and chlorophyll-deficient leaves, especially in seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The drm phenotype is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Material
- drme2
- Outcome
- phenotypee2
- Qualifier
- controlled by a single recessive nuclear genee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e2“Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype of drm was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene”
Claim · model-written summary
The drm mutant had significantly reduced chlorophyll content compared with FT
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Material
- drme1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- FTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e1“Compared with the wild-type "FT" line, the drm's chlorophyll content was significantly reduced and its chloroplast structure was abnormal”
Claim · model-written summary
The drm mutant had abnormal chloroplast structure
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Material
- drme1
- Outcome
- chloroplast structuree1
- Qualifier
- abnormale1
- Comparator
- FTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e1“Compared with the wild-type "FT" line, the drm's chlorophyll content was significantly reduced and its chloroplast structure was abnormal”
Claim · model-written summary
The drm mutant had significantly decreased photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters compared with FT
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Material
- drme1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll fluorescence parameterse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- FTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e1“Compared with the wild-type "FT" line, the drm's chlorophyll content was significantly reduced and its chloroplast structure was abnormal”
e2“its photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in leaf color and altered physiological characters may influence growth and development of the drm mutant
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Outcome
- growth and developmente3
- Qualifier
- changes in leaf colore3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e3“The changes in leaf color, combined with these altered physiological characters, may influence the growth and development of plant, ultimately resulting in the slow-growing phenotype”
Claim · model-written summary
A total of 338 differentially expressed genes were detected between FT and drm
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Material
- drme4
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genes (DEGs)e4
- Value
- 338e4
- Comparator
- FTe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e4“a total of 338 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between "FT" and drm”
Claim · model-written summary
DEGs involved in chlorophyll degradation and photosynthesis were identified, including chlorophyllase and RuBisCO
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Gene
- chlorophyllase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenasee5
- Outcome
- DEGs involved in chlorophyll degradation and photosynthesise5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e5“a number of DEGs involved in chlorophyll degradation and photosynthesis were identified, such as chlorophyllase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression patterns of 12 DEGs were confirmed by qRT-PCR
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise0
- Outcome
- expression patterns of 12 DEGse6
- Value
- 12 DEGse6
- Qualifier
- confirmed by qRT-PCRe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)”
e6“the expression patterns of 12 DEGs, including three chlorophyll degradation- and photosynthesis-related genes and nine randomly-selected genes, were confirmed by qRT-PCR”
Claim · model-written summary
Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified as a resource for marker-assisted breeding in Chinese cabbage
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensise7
- Outcome
- single nucleotide polymorphismse7
- Value
- Numerouse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms were also identified, providing a valuable resource for research and molecular marker-assistant breeding in Chinese cabbage”