Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Xanthii fructus (Compositae) is a traditional herbal medicine used for treating headache, toothache, pruritus, empyema, and rhinitis. In this study of the quality control of X. fructus, we performed simultaneous analysis of nine marker compounds: Protocatechuic acid (1), chlorogenic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4), ferulic acid (5), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (6), 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (7), 1,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (8), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (9). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine components were separated using reversed-phase SunFire™ C18 analytical column and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. We examined the biological effects of the nine marker compounds by determining their anti-inflammatory activities in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. RESULTS: Among the nine marker compounds, eight significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production. 1, 3, 5 had significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in RAW 264.7 cells. None of the tested marker compounds had a significant effect on interleukin-6 production in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Our data demonstrated that each marker compound from X. fructus exerts anti-inflammatory activity by targeting different inflammation-related pathways such as the TNF-α or PGE2 pathway. CONCLUSION: Further experiments using in vitro and in vivo models are needed to identify the mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of each marker compound. SUMMARY: Simultaneous analysis of nine phenylpropanoids in the Xanthii fructus was established using HPLC-PDA system.1,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated TNF-a production.Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid had significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
A simultaneous HPLC-PDA analysis of nine phenylpropanoids in Xanthii fructus was established.
Verbatim
e0“Simultaneous analysis of nine phenylpropanoids in the Xanthii fructus was established using HPLC-PDA system”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight of the nine marker compounds significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated TNF-α production.
- Taxon
- Xanthii fructuse0
- Treatment
- nine marker compoundse1
- Outcome
- tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) productione1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- eighte1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Xanthii fructus (Compositae) is a traditional herbal medicine”
e1“Among the nine marker compounds, eight significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production”
Claim · model-written summary
Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid had significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells.
- Taxon
- Xanthii fructuse0
- Treatment
- Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acide2
- Outcome
- PGE2 productione2
- Direction
- inhibitorye2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Xanthii fructus (Compositae) is a traditional herbal medicine”
e2“Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid had significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the tested marker compounds had a significant effect on interleukin-6 production in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells.
- Taxon
- Xanthii fructuse0
- Treatment
- tested marker compoundse3
- Outcome
- interleukin-6 productione3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Xanthii fructus (Compositae) is a traditional herbal medicine”
e3“None of the tested marker compounds had a significant effect on interleukin-6 production in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Each marker compound from X. fructus exerts anti-inflammatory activity by targeting different inflammation-related pathways, such as the TNF-α or PGE2 pathway.
Verbatim
e4“Our data demonstrated that each marker compound from X. fructus exerts anti-inflammatory activity by targeting different inflammation-related pathways such as the TNF-α or PGE2 pathway”