Abstract
SUMMARYIn the Kathmandu valley of Nepal, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) plants had averages of 7 branches with 600 flowers and 12 branches with 94 flowers, respectively. Flower diameter was 14.9 mm in cauliflower and 13.8 mm in cabbage. The yellow flowers of both crops opened in the morning and remained open for two to three days; the total flowering period of each crop lasted for about one month, with cauliflower beginning in mid-February and cabbage in mid-March. Apis cerana colonies were caged individually with plants of the target crops. Bees started foraging on cauliflower and cabbage at c. 07.00 h and 06.30 h, respectively, and ceased flight activity at c. 18.00 h and 18.30 h, respectively. Foraging on cauliflower started at ambient temperatures of 7°C. Peak foraging activity was between 11.00 h and 13.00 h for each crop. The duration of individual foraging trips was 26.9 min for cauliflower and 23.9 min for cabbage. Visits to individual flowers lasted from 4.3 to 6.7 s during the day in both crops; bees visited 5–8 flowers/min. On each crop bees collected either pollen or nectar but never both during the same foraging trip. For both crops, pollen collectors outnumbered nectar collectors during the morning while the opposite occurred in the afternoon. Individual loads of cauliflower pollen weighed 5–9 mg; cabbage pollen loads weighed 8–10 mg. Fruit set on cauliflower plants pollinated by A. cerana was 57% higher than on control plants (pollinators excluded) and 20% higher than on open- pollinated plants. Fruit set on cabbage plants following bee pollination was 27% higher than on open-pollinated plants; control plants did not set fruit. Siliques (fruits) from control, open-pollinated and bee-pollinated cauliflower plants had 3,15 and 20 seeds, respectively. Open-pollinated and bee-pollinated siliques of cabbage had 18 and 28 seeds, respectively. Germination of seeds from bee-pollinated plants was 16% and 12% higher than for seeds from control and open-pollinated cauliflower plants, respectively, and 28% higher than for seeds from open-pollinated cabbage plants.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Bee-pollinated cauliflower had fruit set 57% higher than pollinator-excluded control plants
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytise1 - Treatment
- pollinated by A. ceranae1
- Interactor
- A. cerana
Apis ceranae1pollinator - Outcome
- Fruit sete1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 57%e1
- Comparator
- control plants (pollinators excluded)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fruit set on cauliflower plants pollinated by A. cerana was 57% higher than on control plants (pollinators excluded) and 20% higher than on open- pollinated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bee-pollinated cauliflower had fruit set 20% higher than open-pollinated plants
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
- Treatment
- pollinated by A. ceranae1
- Interactor
- A. ceranaApis ceranae1pollinator
- Outcome
- Fruit sete1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 20%e1
- Comparator
- open- pollinated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fruit set on cauliflower plants pollinated by A. cerana was 57% higher than on control plants (pollinators excluded) and 20% higher than on open- pollinated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bee-pollinated cabbage had fruit set 27% higher than open-pollinated plants
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae2 - Treatment
- bee pollinatione2
- Interactor
- bee
_Apis_mellifera_(female)_-_on_viburnum_tinus_flowers.jpg?width=60)
Apis melliferae2pollinator - Outcome
- Fruit sete2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 27%e2
- Comparator
- open-pollinated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Apis_mellifera_(female)_-_on_viburnum_tinus_flowers.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“Fruit set on cabbage plants following bee pollination was 27% higher than on open-pollinated plants; control plants did not set fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Cabbage control plants with pollinators excluded did not set fruit
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae2
- Outcome
- did not set fruite2
- Qualifier
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Fruit set on cabbage plants following bee pollination was 27% higher than on open-pollinated plants; control plants did not set fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Bee-pollinated cauliflower siliques had 20 seeds
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise3
- Organ / stage
- Siliques (fruits)e3
- Treatment
- bee-pollinatede3
- Outcome
- seedse3
- Value
- 20 seedse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Siliques (fruits) from control, open-pollinated and bee-pollinated cauliflower plants had 3,15 and 20 seeds, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Open-pollinated cauliflower siliques had 15 seeds
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise3
- Organ / stage
- Siliques (fruits)e3
- Treatment
- open-pollinatede3
- Outcome
- seedse3
- Value
- 15e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Siliques (fruits) from control, open-pollinated and bee-pollinated cauliflower plants had 3,15 and 20 seeds, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Control cauliflower siliques had 3 seeds
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise3
- Organ / stage
- Siliques (fruits)e3
- Treatment
- controle3
- Outcome
- seedse3
- Value
- 3e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Siliques (fruits) from control, open-pollinated and bee-pollinated cauliflower plants had 3,15 and 20 seeds, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Open-pollinated cabbage siliques had 18 seeds
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae4
- Organ / stage
- siliquese4
- Treatment
- Open-pollinatede4
- Outcome
- seedse4
- Value
- 18e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Open-pollinated and bee-pollinated siliques of cabbage had 18 and 28 seeds, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Bee-pollinated cabbage siliques had 28 seeds
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae4
- Organ / stage
- siliquese4
- Treatment
- bee-pollinatede4
- Outcome
- seedse4
- Value
- 28e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Open-pollinated and bee-pollinated siliques of cabbage had 18 and 28 seeds, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds from bee-pollinated cauliflower germinated 16% more than seeds from control plants
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise5
- Treatment
- bee-pollinated plantse5
- Interactor
- beeApis melliferae5pollinator
- Outcome
- Germination of seedse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 16%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Germination of seeds from bee-pollinated plants was 16% and 12% higher than for seeds from control and open-pollinated cauliflower plants, respectively, and 28% higher than for seeds from open-pollinated cabbage plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds from bee-pollinated cauliflower germinated 12% more than seeds from open-pollinated plants
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise5
- Treatment
- bee-pollinated plantse5
- Interactor
- beeApis melliferae5pollinator
- Outcome
- Germination of seedse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 12%e5
- Comparator
- open-pollinated cauliflower plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Germination of seeds from bee-pollinated plants was 16% and 12% higher than for seeds from control and open-pollinated cauliflower plants, respectively, and 28% higher than for seeds from open-pollinated cabbage plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds from bee-pollinated cabbage germinated 28% more than seeds from open-pollinated cabbage
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae5
- Treatment
- bee-pollinated plantse5
- Interactor
- beeApis melliferae5pollinator
- Outcome
- Germination of seedse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 28%e5
- Comparator
- open-pollinated cabbage plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Germination of seeds from bee-pollinated plants was 16% and 12% higher than for seeds from control and open-pollinated cauliflower plants, respectively, and 28% higher than for seeds from open-pollinated cabbage plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Bees started foraging on cauliflower at c. 07.00 h
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise6
- Outcome
- started foraginge6
- Value
- 07.00 he6
- Qualifier
- ceased flight activity at c. 18.00 he6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Bees started foraging on cauliflower and cabbage at c. 07.00 h and 06.30 h, respectively, and ceased flight activity at c. 18.00 h and 18.30 h, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Bees started foraging on cabbage at c. 06.30 h
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae6
- Outcome
- started foraginge6
- Value
- 06.30 he6
- Qualifier
- ceased flight activity at c. 18.00 h and 18.30 he6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Bees started foraging on cauliflower and cabbage at c. 07.00 h and 06.30 h, respectively, and ceased flight activity at c. 18.00 h and 18.30 h, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual foraging trips on cauliflower lasted 26.9 min
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise7
- Outcome
- duration of individual foraging tripse7
- Value
- 26.9 mine7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The duration of individual foraging trips was 26.9 min for cauliflower and 23.9 min for cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual foraging trips on cabbage lasted 23.9 min
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae7
- Outcome
- duration of individual foraging tripse7
- Value
- 23.9 mine7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The duration of individual foraging trips was 26.9 min for cauliflower and 23.9 min for cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual loads of cauliflower pollen weighed 5–9 mg
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise2
- Outcome
- Individual loads of cauliflower pollene2
- Value
- 5–9 mge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Individual loads of cauliflower pollen weighed 5–9 mg; cabbage pollen loads weighed 8–10 mg”
Claim · model-written summary
Cabbage pollen loads weighed 8–10 mg
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae2
- Outcome
- cabbage pollen loadse2
- Value
- 8–10 mge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Individual loads of cauliflower pollen weighed 5–9 mg; cabbage pollen loads weighed 8–10 mg”
The same questions in other papers
Apis cerana · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
pollination · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →pollination · Apis mellifera · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.