Abstract
Rising temperatures or global warming will be detrimental for various crops. Moreover, because of increasing demand for lentil (Lens culinaris L.) grains, there is a need to broaden the adaptation of this crop into warmer climes. Hence, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high temperatures (>32/20oC) during reproductive growth on performance of lentil and to probe the mechanisms associated with reproductive failures. Three lentil genotypes, viz., LL699, LL931, and LL1122, were grown in pots at two sowing dates: (1) the normal sowing time (NS) in November so that day/night temperatures during the reproductive stage were below 32/20°C; and (2) late-sown (LS) in February so that temperatures during the reproductive stage were above 32/20°C. The plants were fully irrigated during both the sowing situations. In LS plants, the phenology was accelerated, leading to substantial reduction in biomass, flowers, and pods, accompanied by marked shortening of flowering period and podding duration, causing decreased seed yield. At the peak flowering stage (average temp. >32/23oC), the leaves of the LS plants had significantly lower relative leaf water content and lower stomatal conductance than NS plants at the same stage, indicating that the late sowing induced both water stress and heat stress. In LS plants, reproductive function was markedly reduced in all genotypes, causing increased pod abortion. The leaves of LS plants showed increased damage to membranes, chlorosis, decreased photochemical efficiency, with an associated reduction in sucrose synthesis and increase in its hydrolysis, compared with the NS plants. Heat stress, in combination with intermittent water stress during the reproductive phase in the LS plants, was extremely detrimental for all three lentil genotypes, with only minor differences among them. Controlled-environment studies, where the plants were subjected to high temperatures (33/15°C, 35/20°C) during reproductive growth, also validated the detrimental effects of heat stress on studied traits, similar to outdoor conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing accelerated lentil phenology.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarise1 - Treatment
- late-sown (LS) in Februarye3
- Outcome
- phenologye0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Comparator
- normal sowing time (NS) in Novembere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In LS plants, the phenology was accelerated”
e1“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e2“normal sowing time (NS) in November”
e3“late-sown (LS) in February”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing substantially reduced lentil biomass, flowers and pods.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise2
- Treatment
- LS plantse1
- Outcome
- biomass, flowers, and podse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- normal sowing time (NS) in Novembere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“substantial reduction in biomass, flowers, and pods”
e1“In LS plants, the phenology was accelerated”
e2“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e3“normal sowing time (NS) in November”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing shortened lentil flowering and podding duration.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise2
- Treatment
- LS plantse1
- Outcome
- flowering period and podding duratione0
- Direction
- shorteninge0
- Comparator
- normal sowing time (NS) in Novembere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“marked shortening of flowering period and podding duration”
e1“In LS plants, the phenology was accelerated”
e2“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e3“normal sowing time (NS) in November”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing decreased lentil seed yield.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise2
- Treatment
- LS plantse1
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- normal sowing time (NS) in Novembere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“causing decreased seed yield”
e1“In LS plants, the phenology was accelerated”
e2“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e3“normal sowing time (NS) in November”
Claim · model-written summary
At peak flowering, late-sown plants had significantly lower relative leaf water content.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise1
- Organ / stage
- peak flowering stagee0
- Treatment
- LS plantse0
- Outcome
- relative leaf water contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- NS plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the peak flowering stage (average temp. >32/23oC), the leaves of the LS plants had significantly lower relative leaf water content and lower stomatal conductance than NS plants at the same stage”
e1“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At peak flowering, late-sown plants had lower stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise1
- Organ / stage
- peak flowering stagee0
- Treatment
- LS plantse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- NS plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the peak flowering stage (average temp. >32/23oC), the leaves of the LS plants had significantly lower relative leaf water content and lower stomatal conductance than NS plants at the same stage”
e1“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing reduced reproductive function in all genotypes.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise1
- Treatment
- LS plantse0
- Outcome
- reproductive functione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- normal sowing time (NS) in Novembere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In LS plants, reproductive function was markedly reduced in all genotypes”
e1“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e2“normal sowing time (NS) in November”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing increased pod abortion.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise2
- Treatment
- LS plantse1
- Outcome
- pod abortione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- normal sowing time (NS) in Novembere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“causing increased pod abortion”
e1“In LS plants, reproductive function”
e2“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e3“normal sowing time (NS) in November”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-sown leaves showed increased membrane damage and chlorosis.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise1
- Treatment
- LS plantse0
- Outcome
- damage to membranes, chlorosise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- NS plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of LS plants showed increased damage to membranes, chlorosis, decreased photochemical efficiency, with an associated reduction in sucrose synthesis and increase in its hydrolysis, compared with the NS plants”
e1“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-sown leaves had decreased photochemical efficiency.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise1
- Treatment
- LS plantse0
- Outcome
- photochemical efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- NS plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of LS plants showed increased damage to membranes, chlorosis, decreased photochemical efficiency, with an associated reduction in sucrose synthesis and increase in its hydrolysis, compared with the NS plants”
e1“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-sown leaves had reduced sucrose synthesis.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise1
- Treatment
- LS plantse0
- Outcome
- sucrose synthesise0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- NS plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of LS plants showed increased damage to membranes, chlorosis, decreased photochemical efficiency, with an associated reduction in sucrose synthesis and increase in its hydrolysis, compared with the NS plants”
e1“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-sown leaves had increased sucrose hydrolysis.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise1
- Treatment
- LS plantse0
- Outcome
- its hydrolysise0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- NS plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaves of LS plants showed increased damage to membranes, chlorosis, decreased photochemical efficiency, with an associated reduction in sucrose synthesis and increase in its hydrolysis, compared with the NS plants”
e1“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat and intermittent water stress during reproduction were detrimental for all three lentil genotypes, with minor differences among them.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Outcome
- extremely detrimental for all three lentil genotypese0
- Qualifier
- with only minor differences among theme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress, in combination with intermittent water stress during the reproductive phase in the LS plants, was extremely detrimental for all three lentil genotypes, with only minor differences among them”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled-environment heat exposure validated detrimental effects on the studied traits.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise1
- Treatment
- high temperatures (33/15°C, 35/20°C)e0
- Outcome
- detrimental effects of heat stress on studied traitse0
- Comparator
- outdoor conditionse0
- Setting
- Controlled-environment studiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Controlled-environment studies, where the plants were subjected to high temperatures (33/15°C, 35/20°C) during reproductive growth, also validated the detrimental effects of heat stress on studied traits, similar to outdoor conditions”
e1“lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.