Abstract
SummaryThe timing of fungicide and antibiotic applications in fruit crops often overlaps flowering and pollination. Numerous studies report detrimental effects of chemical applications on pollination, fruit set and yield. However, field results can be quite variable even when similar compounds are tested on the same crop. Problematic is that field variables unrelated to the effects of pesticides on reproductive activities can mask results. In the current study, we specifically investigated the effects of selected pesticide sprays applied to stigmas, on subsequent pollen germination and tube growth. Using two model systems, apple and almond, sprays were applied to detached emasculated flowers under constant laboratory conditions using an electronically controlled robotic apparatus which simulated a field sprayer. flowers were pollinated at specific times after spraying, and pollen tube numbers and growth assessed using fluorescence microscopy. The pesticides evaluated were for apple: captan, myclobutanil and streptomycin; and for almond: azoxystrobin, myclobutanil, iprodione and cyprodinil. In apple, captan significantly reduced pollen germination, by 20% compared with water controls when pollination was conducted 18 h after treatment. The number of tubes that reached the basal part of the style within 20 h was not affected. In contrast, myclobutanil and streptomycin had no significant effect on pollen tube growth. With almond, none of the sprays significantly affected pollen germination or tube growth.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Captan reduced apple pollen germination by 20% relative to water controls when pollination occurred 18 h after treatment.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0e0 - Treatment
- captane0
- Outcome
- pollen germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- 18 h after treatmente0
- Comparator
- water controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple and almond flowers”
e0“In apple, captan significantly reduced pollen germination, by 20% compared with water controls when pollination was conducted 18 h after treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan did not significantly affect the number of apple pollen tubes reaching the basal style within 20 h.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0e0
- Treatment
- captane0
- Outcome
- number of tubes that reached the basal part of the stylee1
- Direction
- not affectede1
- Qualifier
- within 20 he1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple and almond flowers”
e0“In apple, captan significantly reduced pollen germination, by 20% compared with water controls when pollination was conducted 18 h after treatment.”
e1“The number of tubes that reached the basal part of the style within 20 h was not affected.”
Claim · model-written summary
Myclobutanil had no significant effect on apple pollen tube growth.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- myclobutanile0
- Outcome
- pollen tube growthe0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple and almond flowers”
e0“In contrast, myclobutanil and streptomycin had no significant effect on pollen tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Streptomycin had no significant effect on apple pollen tube growth.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- streptomycine0
- Outcome
- pollen tube growthe0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple and almond flowers”
e0“In contrast, myclobutanil and streptomycin had no significant effect on pollen tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin did not significantly affect almond pollen germination or tube growth.
- Taxon
- almond
Prunus dulcist0e0e1 - Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Outcome
- pollen germination or tube growthe1
- Direction
- none of the sprays significantly affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple and almond flowers”
e0“and for almond: azoxystrobin, myclobutanil, iprodione and cyprodinil.”
e1“With almond, none of the sprays significantly affected pollen germination or tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Myclobutanil did not significantly affect almond pollen germination or tube growth.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0e0e1
- Treatment
- myclobutanile0
- Outcome
- pollen germination or tube growthe1
- Direction
- none of the sprays significantly affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple and almond flowers”
e0“and for almond: azoxystrobin, myclobutanil, iprodione and cyprodinil.”
e1“With almond, none of the sprays significantly affected pollen germination or tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Iprodione did not significantly affect almond pollen germination or tube growth.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0e0e1
- Treatment
- iprodionee0
- Outcome
- pollen germination or tube growthe1
- Direction
- none of the sprays significantly affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple and almond flowers”
e0“and for almond: azoxystrobin, myclobutanil, iprodione and cyprodinil.”
e1“With almond, none of the sprays significantly affected pollen germination or tube growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil did not significantly affect almond pollen germination or tube growth.
- Taxon
- almondPrunus dulcist0e0e1
- Treatment
- cyprodinile0
- Outcome
- pollen germination or tube growthe1
- Direction
- none of the sprays significantly affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple and almond flowers”
e0“and for almond: azoxystrobin, myclobutanil, iprodione and cyprodinil.”
e1“With almond, none of the sprays significantly affected pollen germination or tube growth.”
The same questions in other papers
captan · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.