Abstract
The present experiment was set up in factorial design to determine the effects of soil types combined with differential supplies of three major nutrient elements on the growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums. The fertilizer treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen fertilization, i. e., 100, 250, and 400ppm, which was applied as urea solution, and potash, i. e., 200, 400, and 600ppm, which was applied as potassium sulfate solution, in the presence of 1 or 3g/pot of phosphorus applied as mixed phosphates (1 fused phosphate : 1 double superphosphate). Each of these treatments was combined further with two types of soils, i. e., alluvial and volcanic ash soils. The results obtained are as follows :1) Potted chrysanthemums grown on alluvial soil markedly exceeded those grown on volcanic ash soil in such attributes as size and weight of single leaves, leaf number per lateral shoot, and weight of inflorescences per stock.2) High rate of nitrogen (400ppm) applied at early stages of plant development tended to suppress vegetative growth though during anthesis it produced rather increased amounts of leaves and inflorescences per stock. High rate of nitrogen application also promoted the flowering of potted chrysanthemums. Application of increased phosphorus resulted in an increased amount of plant growth. The high rate of potassium applied at early stages of development exerted some inhibitory effects on plant growth, whereas during anthesis potassium applied at the rate of 400ppm caused a maximum growth. These results indicate that regarding nitrogen and potassium rather low rates of fertilization at early stages, followed by high rates at middle and later stages of development, are recommended for potted chrysanthemum culture.3) Effects of differential supplies of three fertilizer elements on plant growth depended closely upon the soil type used. That is, on the alluvial soil the inhibitory effects of early, high-rate nitrogen application were noticeably alleviated and its later, high-rate application produced more stimulated plant growth as compared to that produced on the volcanic ash soil. Increased phosphorus affected the plant growth more favorably on volcanic ash soil than on alluvial soil, whereas effects of increased potassium on growth were more marked on the latter than on the former soil. High rates of phosphorus fertilization virtually overcame the delay of flowering that was caused by the adverse effect of volcanic ash soil.4) Every major nutrient element affected the growth of potted chrysanthemums synergistically with other elements, though a maximum interaction was effected in the combination of nitrogen with phosphorus.5) It is concluded that properly balanced fertility should be maintained for every distinctive stage of plant development along with the soil type employed.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Chrysanthemums on alluvial soil exceeded those on volcanic ash soil in size and weight of single leaves.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemums
.jpeg?width=60)
Chrysanthemume0 - Organ / stage
- single leavese1
- Treatment
- alluvial soile1
- Outcome
- size and weight of single leavese1
- Direction
- exceedede1
- Comparator
- volcanic ash soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e1“Potted chrysanthemums grown on alluvial soil markedly exceeded those grown on volcanic ash soil in such attributes as size and weight of single leaves, leaf number per lateral shoot, and weight of inflorescences per stock”
Claim · model-written summary
Chrysanthemums on alluvial soil exceeded those on volcanic ash soil in leaf number per lateral shoot and weight of inflorescences per stock.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- alluvial soile1
- Outcome
- leaf number per lateral shoot, and weight of inflorescences per stocke1
- Direction
- exceedede1
- Comparator
- volcanic ash soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e1“Potted chrysanthemums grown on alluvial soil markedly exceeded those grown on volcanic ash soil in such attributes as size and weight of single leaves, leaf number per lateral shoot, and weight of inflorescences per stock”
Claim · model-written summary
High early-stage nitrogen (400ppm) tended to suppress vegetative growth of chrysanthemums.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Organ / stage
- early stages of plant developmente2
- Treatment
- High rate of nitrogen (400ppm) applied at early stages of plant developmente2
- Outcome
- vegetative growthe2
- Direction
- suppresse2
- Qualifier
- tended toe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e2“High rate of nitrogen (400ppm) applied at early stages of plant development tended to suppress vegetative growth though during anthesis it produced rather increased amounts of leaves and inflorescences per stock”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen (400ppm) during anthesis increased the amounts of leaves and inflorescences per stock of chrysanthemums.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Organ / stage
- anthesise2
- Treatment
- High rate of nitrogen (400ppm)e2
- Outcome
- amounts of leaves and inflorescences per stocke2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e2“High rate of nitrogen (400ppm) applied at early stages of plant development tended to suppress vegetative growth though during anthesis it produced rather increased amounts of leaves and inflorescences per stock”
Claim · model-written summary
High rate of nitrogen application promoted flowering of potted chrysanthemums.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume4
- Treatment
- High rate of nitrogen applicatione4
- Outcome
- floweringe4
- Direction
- promotede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“High rate of nitrogen application also promoted the flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased phosphorus application increased chrysanthemum plant growth.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- Application of increased phosphoruse5
- Outcome
- plant growthe5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e5“Application of increased phosphorus resulted in an increased amount of plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
High early-stage potassium exerted some inhibitory effects on chrysanthemum plant growth.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Organ / stage
- early stages of developmente6
- Treatment
- high rate of potassiume6
- Outcome
- plant growthe6
- Direction
- inhibitory effectse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e6“The high rate of potassium applied at early stages of development exerted some inhibitory effects on plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium at 400ppm during anthesis gave maximum growth of chrysanthemums.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Organ / stage
- anthesise7
- Treatment
- potassium applied at the rate of 400ppme7
- Outcome
- growthe7
- Direction
- maximume7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e7“during anthesis potassium applied at the rate of 400ppm caused a maximum growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen and potassium at early stages followed by high rates later is recommended for potted chrysanthemum culture.
Verbatim
e1“regarding nitrogen and potassium rather low rates of fertilization at early stages, followed by high rates at middle and later stages of development, are recommended for potted chrysanthemum culture”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects of differential supplies of three fertilizer elements on plant growth depended on the soil type.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- differential supplies of three fertilizer elementse1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Qualifier
- depended closely upon the soil type usede1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e1“Effects of differential supplies of three fertilizer elements on plant growth depended closely upon the soil type used”
Claim · model-written summary
On alluvial soil, the inhibitory effects of early high-rate nitrogen were alleviated in chrysanthemums.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- early, high-rate nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- inhibitory effectse1
- Direction
- alleviatede1
- Setting
- alluvial soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e1“on the alluvial soil the inhibitory effects of early, high-rate nitrogen application were noticeably alleviated”
Claim · model-written summary
Later high-rate nitrogen application stimulated chrysanthemum growth more on alluvial soil than on volcanic ash soil.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- later, high-rate applicatione1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- more stimulatede1
- Comparator
- volcanic ash soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e1“its later, high-rate application produced more stimulated plant growth as compared to that produced on the volcanic ash soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased phosphorus affected chrysanthemum growth more favorably on volcanic ash soil than on alluvial soil.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- Increased phosphoruse1
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- more favorablye1
- Comparator
- alluvial soile1
- Setting
- volcanic ash soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e1“Increased phosphorus affected the plant growth more favorably on volcanic ash soil than on alluvial soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased potassium affected chrysanthemum growth more markedly on alluvial soil than on volcanic ash soil.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- increased potassiume1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- more markede1
- Comparator
- former soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e1“effects of increased potassium on growth were more marked on the latter than on the former soil”
Claim · model-written summary
High rates of phosphorus fertilization overcame the flowering delay caused by volcanic ash soil.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume0
- Treatment
- High rates of phosphorus fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- delay of floweringe1
- Direction
- overcamee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and flowering of potted chrysanthemums”
e1“High rates of phosphorus fertilization virtually overcame the delay of flowering that was caused by the adverse effect of volcanic ash soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Each major nutrient element affected chrysanthemum growth synergistically with the other elements.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume1
- Treatment
- major nutrient elemente1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Qualifier
- synergistically with other elementse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Every major nutrient element affected the growth of potted chrysanthemums synergistically with other elements, though a maximum interaction was effected in the combination of nitrogen with phosphorus”
Claim · model-written summary
The nitrogen-phosphorus combination gave the maximum interaction on chrysanthemum growth.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemumsChrysanthemume1
- Treatment
- combination of nitrogen with phosphoruse1
- Outcome
- interactione1
- Direction
- maximume1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Every major nutrient element affected the growth of potted chrysanthemums synergistically with other elements, though a maximum interaction was effected in the combination of nitrogen with phosphorus”
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