Abstract
Flowering and vegetative growth were assessed in 19 half-sib families of Alnus rubra Bong. planted in a replicated field trial near Olympia, Washington, USA. The trial consisted of three square spacings (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 m), two irrigation regimes (low and high), and two fertilization treatments (0 and 300 kg P ha(-1)). Male and female flowers were surveyed in all plots for all families at plantation ages 4 and 5 years. Female strobili were surveyed for seven families in the 2-m spaced plots at plantation age 6 years. The percentage of trees flowering and the number of flowers per tree were always greatest, and height and diameter growth were always least, in the low-irrigation regime. Phosphorus fertilization had no effect on the percentage of trees flowering or on 5-year height or diameter growth; it had a positive but small effect on the number of female flowers per tree at age 5 years. Wider spacing resulted in larger trees, higher rates of flowering, and higher tree survival. Within each irrigation regime, the percentage of trees flowering increased as tree size increased. There was substantial variation in flowering among families, with positive but low correlations between tree size and flowering attributes. At ages 4 and 5 years, the ratio of number of trees flowering in the low-irrigation regime to number of trees flowering in the high-irrigation regime differed among families. By age 6 years, many more trees flowered than in previous years, and differences between irrigation regimes were reduced. Early growth rates were rapid and resulted in substantial crown recession and mortality in the closer spacings by age 5 years. We conclude that spacings less than 2 m should only be used in seed production areas if roguing can be done by age 2 to 3 years.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation gave the greatest fraction of flowering trees and flowers per tree.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubra
Alnus rubrat0 - Treatment
- low-irrigation regimee0
- Outcome
- percentage of trees flowering and the number of flowers per treee0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of trees flowering and the number of flowers per tree were always greatest, and height and diameter growth were always least, in the low-irrigation regime.”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation gave the least height and diameter growth.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Treatment
- low-irrigation regimee0
- Outcome
- height and diameter growthe0
- Direction
- leaste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“height and diameter growth were always least, in the low-irrigation regime”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilization did not affect flowering percentage or five year growth.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Treatment
- Phosphorus fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- percentage of trees flowering or on 5-year height or diameter growthe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus fertilization had no effect on the percentage of trees flowering or on 5-year height or diameter growth”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilization slightly increased female flower number at age five.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Treatment
- Phosphorus fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- number of female flowers per treee0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it had a positive but small effect on the number of female flowers per tree at age 5 years”
t0“Alnus rubra”
e2“Phosphorus fertilization”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing produced larger trees and higher flowering and survival.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Treatment
- Wider spacinge0
- Outcome
- larger trees, higher rates of flowering, and higher tree survivale0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wider spacing resulted in larger trees, higher rates of flowering, and higher tree survival.”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering percentage increased with tree size within irrigation regimes.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Outcome
- percentage of trees floweringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Within each irrigation regimee0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within each irrigation regime, the percentage of trees flowering increased as tree size increased.”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering varied substantially among families.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Outcome
- variation in floweringe0
- Direction
- substantiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was substantial variation in flowering among families”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Tree size and flowering traits had positive but low correlations.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Outcome
- flowering attributese0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- tree sizee0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive but low correlations between tree size and flowering attributes”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation effect on flowering differed among families at ages four and five.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Material
- familiese0
- Outcome
- ratio of number of trees floweringe0
- Direction
- differede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At ages 4 and 5 years, the ratio of number of trees flowering in the low-irrigation regime to number of trees flowering in the high-irrigation regime differed among families.”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
By age six, more trees flowered and irrigation differences were reduced.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Outcome
- trees flowerede0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By age 6 years, many more trees flowered than in previous years, and differences between irrigation regimes were reduced.”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Close spacing caused crown recession and mortality by age five.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Treatment
- closer spacingse0
- Outcome
- crown recession and mortalitye0
- Direction
- substantiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early growth rates were rapid and resulted in substantial crown recession and mortality in the closer spacings by age 5 years.”
t0“Alnus rubra”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed production spacing below 2 m was recommended only with roguing by age two to three.
- Taxon
- Alnus rubraAlnus rubrat0
- Outcome
- spacings less than 2 m should only be used in seed production areas if roguing can be done by age 2 to 3 yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spacings less than 2 m should only be used in seed production areas if roguing can be done by age 2 to 3 years”
t0“Alnus rubra”