Abstract
SummaryNew methods for the complete extraction of gibberellins and other hormones from freeze-dried seeds, and for the partial purification and resolution of the extracts on cellulose columns, are described.The presence of gibberellins A4 and A7 in developing apple seeds has been confirmed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Bioassay of partially purified extracts in the lettuce hypocotyl test showed that gibberellins first appeared in the seeds about 5 weeks after full bloom, increased to a maximum concentration at 9 weeks and subsequently decreased again, disappearing completely by the time the seed was mature.The rapid build-up of gibberellins was preceded by the appearance of an unidentified hormone, highly active in the Avena mesocotyl assay, which reached its peak concentration 6 weeks after bloom. A second unidentified hormone with similar biological properties reached its highest concentration 13 weeks after bloom, at the time when gibberellins were fast disappearing.It is pointed out that the sequence of hormone production in the apple seed is linked with well-defined stages of embryo and endosperm development and the possible functional significance of the hormones is discussed.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellins A4 and A7 were confirmed in developing apple seeds.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Organ / stage
- developing apple seedse0
- Outcome
- presence of gibberellins A4 and A7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of gibberellins A4 and A7 in developing apple seeds has been confirmed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellins first appeared about 5 weeks after full bloom.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- gibberellins first appearede0
- Value
- 5 weekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gibberellins first appeared in the seeds about 5 weeks after full bloom”
t0“Apple Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellins reached maximum concentration at 9 weeks.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- maximum concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9 weekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased to a maximum concentration at 9 weeks”
t0“Apple Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellins subsequently decreased and disappeared by seed maturity.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- seede0
- Outcome
- disappearing completelye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subsequently decreased again, disappearing completely by the time the seed was mature”
t0“Apple Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
An unidentified hormone preceded gibberellin accumulation and peaked six weeks after bloom.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- appearance of an unidentified hormonee0
- Value
- 6 weekse0
- Qualifier
- preceded by the appearancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rapid build-up of gibberellins was preceded by the appearance of an unidentified hormone, highly active in the Avena mesocotyl assay, which reached its peak concentration 6 weeks after bloom.”
t0“Apple Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
A second unidentified hormone peaked 13 weeks after bloom as gibberellins disappeared.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- highest concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 13 weekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A second unidentified hormone with similar biological properties reached its highest concentration 13 weeks after bloom, at the time when gibberellins were fast disappearing.”
t0“Apple Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Hormone production sequence was linked to embryo and endosperm developmental stages.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- embryo and endosperme0
- Outcome
- sequence of hormone productione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the sequence of hormone production in the apple seed is linked with well-defined stages of embryo and endosperm development”