Abstract
Traditional tillage (TT) in the North China Plain has maintained grain productivity in the past 50 years. Nonetheless, it has also been a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity and soil fertility loss, soil degradation, and even desertification. Permanent raised beds (PRB) have been proposed as a viable solution to achieve sustainable farming in this plain. The effects on soil chemical properties of the PRB treatment and two other treatments, namely, no-tillage and TT treatments, were measured between 2005 and 2011 in the annual double cropping regions of the North China Plain. The soil properties significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the different treatments. Stratification ratios of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available N, available phosphorus, and available potassium under PRB (>1.35) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those under no-tillage and TT. In the cropping zone of PRB, the bulk density was significantly reduced by 14.4%, whereas soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer were significantly increased by 24.8%, 78.8%, 121.9%, 81.8%, 46.2%, 7.0%, 2.9%, respectively, in comparison with those of TT treatments. Winter wheat and summer maize yields in PRB also underwent a slight increase. Permanent raised beds seem to be an improvement on current farming systems in the North China Plain and valuable for the sustainability of farming in this region.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds reduced bulk density in the cropping zone compared with traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e1“in the annual double cropping regions of the North China Plain”
e3“In the cropping zone of PRB, the bulk density was significantly reduced by 14.4%”
e4“in comparison with those of TT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds increased soil organic carbon in the 0- to 10-cm layer compared with traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e3“In the cropping zone of PRB, the bulk density was significantly reduced by 14.4%”
e4“soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer were significantly increased by 24.8%, 78.8%, 121.9%, 81.8%, 46.2%, 7.0%, 2.9%, respectively, in comparison with those of TT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds increased total nitrogen in the 0- to 10-cm layer compared with traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e3“In the cropping zone of PRB, the bulk density was significantly reduced by 14.4%”
e4“soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer were significantly increased by 24.8%, 78.8%, 121.9%, 81.8%, 46.2%, 7.0%, 2.9%, respectively, in comparison with those of TT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds increased total phosphorus in the 0- to 10-cm layer compared with traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e3“In the cropping zone of PRB, the bulk density was significantly reduced by 14.4%”
e4“soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer were significantly increased by 24.8%, 78.8%, 121.9%, 81.8%, 46.2%, 7.0%, 2.9%, respectively, in comparison with those of TT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds increased total potassium in the 0- to 10-cm layer compared with traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e3“In the cropping zone of PRB, the bulk density was significantly reduced by 14.4%”
e4“soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer were significantly increased by 24.8%, 78.8%, 121.9%, 81.8%, 46.2%, 7.0%, 2.9%, respectively, in comparison with those of TT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds increased available nitrogen in the 0- to 10-cm layer compared with traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e3“In the cropping zone of PRB, the bulk density was significantly reduced by 14.4%”
e4“soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer were significantly increased by 24.8%, 78.8%, 121.9%, 81.8%, 46.2%, 7.0%, 2.9%, respectively, in comparison with those of TT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds increased available phosphorus in the 0- to 10-cm layer compared with traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e3“In the cropping zone of PRB, the bulk density was significantly reduced by 14.4%”
e4“soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer were significantly increased by 24.8%, 78.8%, 121.9%, 81.8%, 46.2%, 7.0%, 2.9%, respectively, in comparison with those of TT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds increased available potassium in the 0- to 10-cm layer compared with traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e3“In the cropping zone of PRB, the bulk density was significantly reduced by 14.4%”
e4“soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer were significantly increased by 24.8%, 78.8%, 121.9%, 81.8%, 46.2%, 7.0%, 2.9%, respectively, in comparison with those of TT treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds gave higher stratification ratios of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and available nitrogen than no-tillage and traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e2“Stratification ratios of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available N, available phosphorus, and available potassium under PRB (>1.35) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those under no-tillage and TT”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds gave higher stratification ratios of available phosphorus and available potassium than no-tillage and traditional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e2“Stratification ratios of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available N, available phosphorus, and available potassium under PRB (>1.35) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those under no-tillage and TT”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat yield under permanent raised beds underwent a slight increase.
- Taxon
- Winter wheat
Triticum aestivume5 - Treatment
- PRBe5
- Outcome
- yieldse5
- Direction
- slight increasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Winter wheat and summer maize yields in PRB also underwent a slight increase”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer maize yield under permanent raised beds underwent a slight increase.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Winter wheat and summer maize yields in PRB also underwent a slight increase”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent raised beds are considered an improvement on current farming systems and valuable for the sustainability of farming in the North China Plain.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat-Maize Cropping System”
e6“Permanent raised beds seem to be an improvement on current farming systems in the North China Plain and valuable for the sustainability of farming in this region”
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1,115 papers in the same direction as this paper · 257 in the opposite direction · 41 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 1,414 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.