Abstract
1) This experiment was carried out to examine the effects of phosphate fertilization on the growth and yield of soybeans subjected to low temperature, at 15°C day and night, under the natural light condition of a glasshouse in the phytotron, for 15 days (L-1), or 3O days (L-2), from about three days before the onset of the flowering of the controls grown in a glasshouse, similar to the open. The plants were grown in a 1/2000-a Wagner pot, filled with about 10 kg of a volcanic ash soil, which is high in the coefficient of phosphate absorbance and lacking in the available phosphate, with and without phosphate fertilization. Either fused phosphate or superphosphate was applied at the rate of 6 g or 18 g per pot. 2) As the phosphate rate increased, seed yield increased in all of three growing conditions. However, the magnitude of reduction in seed yield caused by low temperature treatments was greatest at the 6 g application. No significant difference in seed yield was obtained between fused phosphate and superphosphate at the same fates of application. 3) At the 6 g application, the decrease in seed yield caused by the low temperature treatments was mainly due to the decrease in pod number and pod setting rate of the flowers on branches. 4) The plants applied with superphosphate showed better vegetative growth at early stages and set more flowers in contrast with the plants grown in the same rates of fused phosphate. On the contrary, the plants with fused phosphate produced significantly higher 100-seed weight than those with superphosphate did. These differential responses in yield components might be due to the differential speed of acting of the phosphate fertilizers used. 5) Concentration of phosphorus in leaves and stems was determined for the samples taken at the 15th day under 15°C condition and corresponding samples taken from the control condition. Compared with controls, the concentration of phosphorus in leaves and stems of the plants grown under 15°C condition was lower in minus phosphate plots, kept at the same level at the 6 g application and higher at the 18 g application respectively. 6) The plants grown in the highest rate of phosphate showed best growth during the low temperature treatment and smoothly regained from the stress after the end of treatment. The major cause of yield decrease in the 6 g plots was due to incomplete recovery of growth after the treatments, which resulted from insufficient phosphrus accumulation in the plants throughout the development especially during the period under the low temperature. 7) There were high positive relationships between the seed weight and stem weight or between pod number and node number on branches. Both of the regression equations calculated separately with control or L-2 plots were quite similar. The correlation coefficients for seed yield and stem weight or for the pod number and node number on branches, when the coefficients were pooled with the control and L-2 plots, were 0.962 and 0.966 significant at 0.1% level respectively. It was apparent that the excellent vegetative growth insures better yield even in the L-2 plots. High phosphate application to volcanic ash soils would be effective in reducing the poor-growth type of injury stressed by unfavorable conditions including cool summer weather, through improving the growth of soybeans.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed yield rose with phosphate rate in all three growing conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- phosphate ratee0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- all of three growing conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the phosphate rate increased, seed yield increased in all of three growing conditions.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature caused the greatest soybean seed yield reduction at 6 g phosphate application.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- low temperature treatmentse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- 6 g applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the magnitude of reduction in seed yield caused by low temperature treatments was greatest at the 6 g application.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Fused phosphate and superphosphate gave no significant soybean seed yield difference at equal rates.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- fused phosphatee0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- No significant differencee0
- Comparator
- superphosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant difference in seed yield was obtained between fused phosphate and superphosphate at the same fates of application.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
At 6 g phosphate, chilling reduced pod number and flower pod-setting rate on soybean branches.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- low temperature treatmentse0
- Outcome
- pod number and pod setting ratee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- 6 g applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the 6 g application, the decrease in seed yield caused by the low temperature treatments was mainly due to the decrease in pod number and pod setting rate of the flowers on branches.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Superphosphate improved early soybean vegetative growth and flower number relative to fused phosphate.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- superphosphatee0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth at early stages and set more flowerse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- fused phosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants applied with superphosphate showed better vegetative growth at early stages and set more flowers in contrast with the plants grown in the same rates of fused phosphate.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Fused phosphate increased soybean 100-seed weight relative to superphosphate.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- fused phosphatee0
- Outcome
- 100-seed weighte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- superphosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the plants with fused phosphate produced significantly higher 100-seed weight than those with superphosphate did.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
At 15°C, soybean leaf and stem phosphorus was lower without phosphate, unchanged at 6 g, and higher at 18 g than controls.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 15°C conditione0
- Outcome
- concentration of phosphorus in leaves and stemse0
- Direction
- lower in minus phosphate plots, kept at the same level at the 6 g application and higher at the 18 g applicatione0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with controls, the concentration of phosphorus in leaves and stems of the plants grown under 15°C condition was lower in minus phosphate plots, kept at the same level at the 6 g application and higher at the 18 g application respectively.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest phosphate rate gave the best soybean growth during chilling and recovery afterward.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- highest rate of phosphatee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- beste0
- Comparator
- low temperature treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants grown in the highest rate of phosphate showed best growth during the low temperature treatment and smoothly regained from the stress after the end of treatment.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed weight and stem weight were strongly positively related, with pooled correlation 0.962.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- high positive relationshipse0
- Value
- 0.962e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were high positive relationships between the seed weight and stem weight or between pod number and node number on branches. Both of the regression equations calculated separately with control or L-2 plots were quite similar. The correlation coefficients for seed yield and stem weight or for the pod number and node number on branches, when the coefficients were pooled with the control and L-2 plots, were 0.962 and 0.966 significant at 0.1% level respectively.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean pod number and branch node number were strongly positively related, with pooled correlation 0.966.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- node number on branchese0
- Outcome
- pod numbere0
- Direction
- high positive relationshipse0
- Value
- 0.966e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were high positive relationships between the seed weight and stem weight or between pod number and node number on branches. Both of the regression equations calculated separately with control or L-2 plots were quite similar. The correlation coefficients for seed yield and stem weight or for the pod number and node number on branches, when the coefficients were pooled with the control and L-2 plots, were 0.962 and 0.966 significant at 0.1% level respectively.”
t0“soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
High phosphate application was recommended to reduce poor-growth injury of soybeans on volcanic ash soils.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- High phosphate applicatione0
- Outcome
- reducing the poor-growth type of injurye0
- Setting
- volcanic ash soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High phosphate application to volcanic ash soils would be effective in reducing the poor-growth type of injury stressed by unfavorable conditions including cool summer weather, through improving the growth of soybeans.”
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