Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of Aluminium (Al) and Cobalt (Co) heavy metal ions on Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Barbunia (Fabaceae) root tips. We used the germination percentage (GP), root length (RL), weight gain (WG) and micronucleus (MN) frequency as indicators of cytotoxicity and correlated these data with statistical parameters. Additionally to the cytogenetic analysis, lipid peroxidation and DNA analyses were performed in root tips of barbunia seeds treated with Al and Co metals. The seeds were divided into five groups as control, Al and Co treatment groups. They were treated with 25 and 50 ppm doses of Al and Co during 7 days. The results indicated that there was an alteration in the GP, RL, WG and MN frequency depending on the treatment dose in the seeds exposed to Al and Co metal ions when compared with the controls. Al and Co metal ions at both the doses significantly reduced the GP, RL and WG in seeds of all the treatment groups. The highest GP was observed in seeds of the control group (in proportion as 96%). 25 and 50 ppm doses of Co and Al caused 30, 50 and 42, 64% decrease of seed germination, respectively. In the control group, the final weights of all the seeds increased about 1.31 g when compared to initial weight. The mean RL of control seeds were measured as 3.71 cm at the end of experimental period. In Co andAl groups, the final weights of seeds increased about 0.34 g and 0.19 g according to initial weight at 50 ppm dose, respectively But, Al and Co ions caused a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of MN. The highest frequency of MN was observed at 50 ppm dose of Al and least frequency of MN was observed at 25 ppm dose of Co. Besides, 25 and 50 ppm concentrations of Al and Co significantly enhanced the lipid peroxidation and caused an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at both the doses. In roots treated with 25 and 50 ppm doses of Al, the increase of MDA was about 62 and 136% according to control, respectively In Co-treated roots, the increase of MDA was about 31 and 91% according to the control at 25 and 50 ppm doses, respectively The investigated parameters (except MN and MDA) were higher in the seeds exposed to Co than the seeds treated with Al. Moreover, it was observed that the yields of DNA in the seeds treated with Al andCo metals were lower than recorded in the controls. Hence, DNA yields exposed to Al and Co were run ahead on agarose gel according to the control group. The results of the present study indicate that Al and Co metal ions have toxic effects on barbunia root tip cells, and the selected parameters such as the GP, RL, WG, MN and MDA are very sensitive and useful biomarkers for biomonitoring these effects.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Both Al and Co significantly reduced germination, root length and weight gain.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Treatment
- Al and Co metal ionse0
- Outcome
- GP, RL and WGe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al and Co metal ions at both the doses significantly reduced the GP, RL and WG in seeds of all the treatment groups”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Control seeds reached 96% germination.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- GPe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 96%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest GP was observed in seeds of the control group (in proportion as 96%)”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co at 25 ppm decreased germination by 30%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 25 and 50 ppm doses of Coe0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 30e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25 and 50 ppm doses of Co and Al caused 30, 50 and 42, 64% decrease of seed germination, respectively”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co at 50 ppm decreased germination by 50%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 50 ppm doses of Coe0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25 and 50 ppm doses of Co and Al caused 30, 50 and 42, 64% decrease of seed germination, respectively”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Al at 25 ppm decreased germination by 42%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Co and Ale0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 42e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25 and 50 ppm doses of Co and Al caused 30, 50 and 42, 64% decrease of seed germination, respectively”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Al at 50 ppm decreased germination by 64%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 50 ppm doses of Co and Ale0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“25 and 50 ppm doses of Co and Al caused 30, 50 and 42, 64% decrease of seed germination, respectively”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Control seed weight increased about 1.31 g.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- final weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.31 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“final weights of all the seeds increased about 1.31 g when compared to initial weight”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Control mean root length was 3.71 cm.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- RLe0
- Value
- 3.71 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mean RL of control seeds were measured as 3.71 cm”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-treated seeds at 50 ppm gained about 0.34 g.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Coe0
- Outcome
- final weights of seedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.34 ge0
- Comparator
- initial weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Co andAl groups, the final weights of seeds increased about 0.34 g and 0.19 g according to initial weight at 50 ppm dose”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Al-treated seeds at 50 ppm gained about 0.19 g.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- andAle0
- Outcome
- final weights of seedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.19 ge0
- Comparator
- initial weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Co andAl groups, the final weights of seeds increased about 0.34 g and 0.19 g according to initial weight at 50 ppm dose”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Al and Co raised micronucleus frequency with dose.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Al and Co ionse0
- Outcome
- frequency of MNe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al and Co ions caused a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of MN”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest MN frequency was at 50 ppm Al.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 50 ppm dose of Ale0
- Outcome
- frequency of MNe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest frequency of MN was observed at 50 ppm dose of Al”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The least MN frequency was at 25 ppm Co.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 25 ppm dose of Coe0
- Outcome
- frequency of MNe0
- Direction
- leaste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“least frequency of MN was observed at 25 ppm dose of Co”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Al at 25 ppm raised MDA about 62% over control.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 25 and 50 ppm doses of Ale0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 62e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In roots treated with 25 and 50 ppm doses of Al, the increase of MDA was about 62 and 136% according to control”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Al at 50 ppm raised MDA about 136% over control.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- 50 ppm doses of Ale0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 136%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In roots treated with 25 and 50 ppm doses of Al, the increase of MDA was about 62 and 136% according to control”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co at 25 ppm raised MDA about 31% over control.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Co-treatede0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 31e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Co-treated roots, the increase of MDA was about 31 and 91% according to the control at 25 and 50 ppm doses, respectively”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co at 50 ppm raised MDA about 91% over control.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Co-treatede0
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 91%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Co-treated roots, the increase of MDA was about 31 and 91% according to the control at 25 and 50 ppm doses, respectively”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most measured parameters were higher under Co than Al, except MN and MDA.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- investigated parameterse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- seeds treated with Ale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“investigated parameters (except MN and MDA) were higher in the seeds exposed to Co than the seeds treated with Al”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Al and Co lowered DNA yield against controls.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Al andCo metalse0
- Outcome
- yields of DNAe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yields of DNA in the seeds treated with Al andCo metals were lower than recorded in the controls”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors identify germination, root length, weight gain, MN and MDA as sensitive toxicity biomarkers.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris L.Phaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- very sensitive and useful biomarkerse0
- Value
- GP, RL, WG, MN and MDAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GP, RL, WG, MN and MDA are very sensitive and useful biomarkers for biomonitoring these effects”
e1“Phaseolus vulgaris L.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.