Abstract
Wheat (Triticum astivum L.) is traditionally rainfed in Eritrea. Yields are low because of poor soil management and low water and nutrient inputs. A field experiment was conducted in Akria farm, located in the outskirts of Asmara. The soil was clay loam associated with non-saline shallow water tables fluctuating from 0.4 to 1.2 m depths during the crop season. Wheat variety Wedel Nile was planted in split plot design with four levels of supplementary irrigations (SI) viz. I1 (rainfed, 0 SI), I2 (1/3 of full SI), I3 (2/3 of full SI), and I4 (full SI) in main plots and three levels of nitrogen viz. N1 (18 kg N haǃ), N2 (50 kg N haǃ), and N3 (100 kg N haǃ) as sub-plots in three replications. Full SI refers to amount of water necessary to replenish soil moisture deficit in the root zone from field capacity to 50% depletion of the available soil moisture. Groundwater table was constant around 0.4 m depth for 32 days from planting and declined slowly thereafter. Wetness around 0.3 m depth was thus near field capacity until second week of December and reduced thereafter with declining water table. Average soil moisture depletion was 94 mm under rainfed and 64 mm under full irrigation. No symptoms of wilting were observed in any of the treatments due to shallow water tables. Upward flux from the water table was 4.6 mm·d-1 until 30 days from planting, which declined to 0.2 mm·d-1 when the water table declined below 0.9 m depth. Optimum yield of wheat (5603 kg·ha-1) was obtained by application of 58 mm irrigation (I3) and 100 kg·ha-1 nitrogen (N3). Total water use for optimum yield of wheat was 382 mm and water use efficiency was 14.7 kg·ha-1·mm-1. Contribution from water table to the evapotranspiration requirements of wheat was highest (61%) under rainfed (I1) and lowest (52%) under full SI (I4).
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Average soil moisture depletion was 94 mm under rainfed conditions.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- rainfede0
- Outcome
- Average soil moisture depletione0
- Value
- 94 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e0“Average soil moisture depletion was 94 mm under rainfed and 64 mm under full irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Average soil moisture depletion was 64 mm under full irrigation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- full irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Average soil moisture depletione0
- Value
- 64 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e0“Average soil moisture depletion was 94 mm under rainfed and 64 mm under full irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimum wheat yield of 5603 kg/ha was obtained with 58 mm irrigation and 100 kg/ha nitrogen.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 58 mm irrigation (I3) and 100 kg·ha-1 nitrogen (N3)e1
- Outcome
- Optimum yield of wheate1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 5603 kg·ha-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e1“Optimum yield of wheat (5603 kg·ha-1) was obtained by application of 58 mm irrigation (I3) and 100 kg·ha-1 nitrogen (N3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total water use for optimum wheat yield was 382 mm.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Total water use for optimum yield of wheate2
- Value
- 382 mme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e2“Total water use for optimum yield of wheat was 382 mm”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency of wheat was 14.7 kg/ha/mm.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye3
- Value
- 14.7 kg·ha-1·mm-1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e3“water use efficiency was 14.7 kg·ha-1·mm-1”
Claim · model-written summary
The water-table contribution to wheat evapotranspiration was highest, 61%, under rainfed conditions.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rainfed (I1)e4
- Outcome
- Contribution from water table to the evapotranspiration requirements of wheate4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 61%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e4“Contribution from water table to the evapotranspiration requirements of wheat was highest (61%) under rainfed (I1) and lowest (52%) under full SI (I4)”
Claim · model-written summary
The water-table contribution to wheat evapotranspiration was lowest, 52%, under full supplementary irrigation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- full SI (I4)e4
- Outcome
- Contribution from water table to the evapotranspiration requirements of wheate4
- Direction
- loweste4
- Value
- 52%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e4“Contribution from water table to the evapotranspiration requirements of wheat was highest (61%) under rainfed (I1) and lowest (52%) under full SI (I4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Upward flux from the water table was 4.6 mm/d until 30 days from planting.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Upward flux from the water tablee5
- Value
- 4.6 mm·d-1e5
- Qualifier
- until 30 days from plantinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e5“Upward flux from the water table was 4.6 mm·d-1 until 30 days from planting, which declined to 0.2 mm·d-1 when the water table declined below 0.9 m depth”
Claim · model-written summary
Upward flux from the water table declined to 0.2 mm/d when the water table fell below 0.9 m depth.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the water table declined below 0.9 m depthe5
- Outcome
- Upward flux from the water tablee5
- Direction
- declinede5
- Value
- 0.2 mm·d-1e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e5“Upward flux from the water table was 4.6 mm·d-1 until 30 days from planting, which declined to 0.2 mm·d-1 when the water table declined below 0.9 m depth”
Claim · model-written summary
The groundwater table was constant at about 0.4 m depth for 32 days from planting.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Groundwater tablee6
- Value
- around 0.4 m depthe6
- Qualifier
- for 32 days from plantinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e6“Groundwater table was constant around 0.4 m depth for 32 days from planting and declined slowly thereafter”
Claim · model-written summary
Wetness around 0.3 m depth stayed near field capacity until the second week of December.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Wetness around 0.3 m depthe7
- Qualifier
- until second week of Decembere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e7“Wetness around 0.3 m depth was thus near field capacity until second week of December and reduced thereafter with declining water table”
Claim · model-written summary
Wetness around 0.3 m depth reduced after the second week of December with the declining water table.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- declining water tablee7
- Outcome
- Wetness around 0.3 m depthe7
- Direction
- reducede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e7“Wetness around 0.3 m depth was thus near field capacity until second week of December and reduced thereafter with declining water table”
Claim · model-written summary
No wilting symptoms were observed in any treatment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- symptoms of wiltinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nitrogen Requirements of Wheat”
e0“No symptoms of wilting were observed in any of the treatments due to shallow water tables”
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