Abstract
Introduction: Salinity is a common abiotic stress that seriously affects crop production around the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.The deleterious effects of salinity on plant growth are associated with low osmotic potential of soil solution (water stress), nutritional imbalance, specific ion effect (salt stress), or a combination of these factors. Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world. Despite olive has been classified as moderately salt tolerant plant, poor quality of irrigation water in association with salt build-up soils has reduced the yields, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. The tolerance of the olive to salt is to a great extent depends on the cultivar. Selecting salinity-resistant cultivars is one of the most important strategies used for mitigating salinity effects on olive. Therefore, this study was performed to assess the salt tolerance of four olive cultivars under greenhouse condition. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, one-year-old rooted cuttings of Iranian olive cultivars (‘Dakal’, ‘Shiraz’, ‘Zard’) and non-Iranian cultivar ‘Amigdal’ were grown in the research greenhouse of Agricultural College, Isfahan University of Technology of Iran. Plants were grown in plastic pots. The pots were 180 mm in diameter and 20 mm in depth with volume of 7 L. The minimum and maximum temperatures during the experiment period were 19 and 35˚C, respectively. After sticking the cuttings, the pots with uniform plants were subjected to the treatment with 0 (control), 100, 150 or 200 mMNaCl. The electrical conductivities of these solutions were 0.003, 10.52, 15.43 and 19.55 dS m-1, respectively. To avoid osmotic shock, the NaCl concentration was gradually increased. The layout was a 4×4 factorial experiment based oncompletely randomized design, with four replications. The experimental measurements were carried out three months after beginning the salt treatments. Results and Discussion:The results showed that salt stress and cultivar hadsignificant effects on all of vegetative and physiological parameters. Injury rating valueof plants wasfound to increase significantly as the salt concentration was raised. Among the cultivars, the highest injury rating value (2.75) belonged to Amigdal cultivar, while the lowest means (2.00) was related to Dakal cultivar. By increasing the salinity level, stem heightincreasing ratesignificantly decreased. The lowest means (18.17%) belonged to 200 mMNaCl treatment, showing 81.83% decrease compared with control. Among the cultivars, Zard showed the highest means of increase in stem height (71.75%). Leaf area influenced significantly by salinity, sothat the lowest means of leaf area (35.05%) was recorded for200 mMNaCl treatment, showing a 69.91% decrease compared with the control. The highest leaf area belonged to Shiraz cultivar, which had a significant difference with Zard and Amigdal cultivars. Compared with the control, salinity caused 50.83% and 54.36% decreases in shoot fresh and dry weight in 200 mMNaCl, respectively. The highest shoot fresh and dry weightswere recorded forZard cultivar. The lowest shoot fresh and dry weights were observed forAmigdal cultivar.Increment of salinity concentration significantly declined root fresh and dry weight. Among the cultivars, the highest means of root fresh weightbelonged to Amigdal cultivar, whereas the lowest was related to Shiraz cultivar. The highest and lowest root dry weightswere observed forDakal and Amigdal cultivars, respectively.Salinity significantly decreased relative water content.The lowest leaf relative water content (66.04%) was recorded in 200 mMNaCl treatment, showing a 23.43% decrease compared with the control.Zard cultivar showed the highestleafrelative water content. Salinity stress decreased chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of salt-treated olive plants. At 200 mMNaCl, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence was minimal as compared to control and other salt levels. The highest leaf chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (0.74) was recorded forZard cultivar. However, Amigdal cultivar showed the lowest means for this index (0.60).Salinity significantly decreasedleaf chlorophyll content.The lowest leaf chlorophyll content (69.39%) was recorded in 200 mMNaCl, showing a 66.80% decrease compared with the control.Among the cultivars, Zard showed the highest leaf chlorophyll content (170.33). In the present study, the increase in proline content in the NaCl-treated plants was noted, with the highest level being attained with 200 mMNaCl. The highest proline content (1.03 µmol.g-1 F.W.)was observed in Zard cultivar. Salinity stress increased malondialdehyde content in the leaves of salt-treated plants. The highest malondialdehyde content was obtained from leaves of plants treated with 200 mMNaCl. The highest malondialdehyde content was recorded in Amigdal cultivar.Shirazl cultivar showed the lowest malondialdehyde content. In this study, the correlation betweenvegetative and physiological parameters of olive plants subjected to salt stress was analysed. These correlations suggested that salt injury symptoms was negatively correlated with relative water content, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content, but positively correlated with proline content and malondialdehyde content. Conclusion: In overall, this investigation revealed that salt stress had aninhibitory effect on the vegetative growth of olive plants.The responses of olive cultivars to salt stress suggested that Zard and Shiraz cultivars were more tolerant and ‘Amygdal’ was the most sensitive to changes in the salt levels.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Olive injury rating increased significantly as the salt concentration was raised.
- Taxon
- Olive
Olea europaeae0 - Treatment
- salt concentratione1
- Outcome
- Injury rating valuee1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Injury rating valueof plants wasfound to increase significantly as the salt concentration was raised”
Claim · model-written summary
Amigdal had the highest olive injury rating (2.75), while Dakal had the lowest (2.00).
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Amigdal cultivare1
- Outcome
- injury rating valuee1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 2.75e1
- Qualifier
- the lowest means (2.00) was related to Dakal cultivare1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Among the cultivars, the highest injury rating value (2.75) belonged to Amigdal cultivar, while the lowest means (2.00) was related to Dakal cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl, olive stem height increasing rate decreased 81.83% compared with control.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Treatment
- 200 mMNaCle2
- Outcome
- stem height increasing ratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 81.83%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“By increasing the salinity level, stem heightincreasing ratesignificantly decreased”
e2“The lowest means (18.17%) belonged to 200 mMNaCl treatment, showing 81.83% decrease compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Zard had the highest increase in olive stem height (71.75%).
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Zarde1
- Outcome
- increase in stem heighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 71.75%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Among the cultivars, Zard showed the highest means of increase in stem height (71.75%)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl, olive leaf area decreased 69.91% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Treatment
- 200 mMNaCl treatmente1
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 69.91%e1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Leaf area influenced significantly by salinity, sothat the lowest means of leaf area (35.05%) was recorded for200 mMNaCl treatment, showing a 69.91% decrease compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Shiraz had the highest olive leaf area, significantly different from Zard and Amigdal.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Shiraz cultivare1
- Outcome
- leaf areae1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- Zard and Amigdal cultivarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“The highest leaf area belonged to Shiraz cultivar, which had a significant difference with Zard and Amigdal cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM NaCl, salinity decreased olive shoot fresh weight by 50.83% and shoot dry weight by 54.36% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Treatment
- 200 mMNaCle1
- Outcome
- shoot fresh and dry weighte1
- Direction
- decreasese1
- Value
- 50.83%e1
- Qualifier
- 54.36% decreases in shoot fresh and dry weighte1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Compared with the control, salinity caused 50.83% and 54.36% decreases in shoot fresh and dry weight in 200 mMNaCl, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Zard had the highest olive shoot fresh and dry weight, and Amigdal the lowest.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Zard cultivare1
- Outcome
- shoot fresh and dry weighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- The lowest shoot fresh and dry weights were observed forAmigdal cultivare2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“The highest shoot fresh and dry weightswere recorded forZard cultivar”
e2“The lowest shoot fresh and dry weights were observed forAmigdal cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity concentration significantly declined olive root fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Treatment
- Increment of salinity concentratione1
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry weighte1
- Direction
- declinede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Increment of salinity concentration significantly declined root fresh and dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Amigdal had the highest olive root fresh weight, and Shiraz the lowest.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Amigdal cultivare1
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- the lowest was related to Shiraz cultivare1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Among the cultivars, the highest means of root fresh weightbelonged to Amigdal cultivar, whereas the lowest was related to Shiraz cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
Dakal had the highest and Amigdal the lowest olive root dry weight.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Dakal and Amigdal cultivarse1
- Outcome
- root dry weighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“The highest and lowest root dry weightswere observed forDakal and Amigdal cultivars, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly decreased olive leaf relative water content, by 23.43% at 200 mM NaCl compared with the control; Zard had the highest leaf relative water content.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Treatment
- 200 mMNaCl treatmente2
- Outcome
- relative water contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 23.43%e2
- Qualifier
- Zard cultivar showed the highestleafrelative water contente3
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Salinity significantly decreased relative water content”
e2“The lowest leaf relative water content (66.04%) was recorded in 200 mMNaCl treatment, showing a 23.43% decrease compared with the control”
e3“Zard cultivar showed the highestleafrelative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress decreased olive chlorophyll fluorescence, which was minimal at 200 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescencee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- was minimale2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Salinity stress decreased chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of salt-treated olive plants”
e2“At 200 mMNaCl, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence was minimal as compared to control and other salt levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Zard had the highest olive leaf chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (0.74), and Amigdal the lowest (0.60).
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Zard cultivare1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll fluorescence ratioe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 0.74e1
- Qualifier
- Amigdal cultivar showed the lowest means for this index (0.60)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“The highest leaf chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (0.74) was recorded forZard cultivar”
e2“However, Amigdal cultivar showed the lowest means for this index (0.60)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly decreased olive leaf chlorophyll content, by 66.80% at 200 mM NaCl compared with the control; Zard had the highest leaf chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Treatment
- 200 mMNaCle2
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 66.80%e2
- Qualifier
- Zard showed the highest leaf chlorophyll content (170.33)e3
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Salinity significantly decreasedleaf chlorophyll content”
e2“The lowest leaf chlorophyll content (69.39%) was recorded in 200 mMNaCl, showing a 66.80% decrease compared with the control”
e3“Among the cultivars, Zard showed the highest leaf chlorophyll content (170.33)”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline content of olive increased with 200 mM NaCl, and Zard had the highest proline content (1.03 µmol.g-1 F.W.).
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Zard cultivare2
- Treatment
- 200 mMNaCle1
- Outcome
- proline contente1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 1.03 µmol.g-1 F.W.e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“In the present study, the increase in proline content in the NaCl-treated plants was noted, with the highest level being attained with 200 mMNaCl”
e2“The highest proline content (1.03 µmol.g-1 F.W.)was observed in Zard cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased malondialdehyde content in olive leaves; Amigdal had the highest and Shiraz the lowest.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Amigdal cultivare2
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- Shirazl cultivar showed the lowest malondialdehyde contente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Salinity stress increased malondialdehyde content in the leaves of salt-treated plants”
e2“The highest malondialdehyde content was recorded in Amigdal cultivar”
e3“Shirazl cultivar showed the lowest malondialdehyde content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt injury symptoms of olive were negatively correlated with relative water content, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Compound
- relative water content, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll contente1
- Outcome
- salt injury symptomse1
- Direction
- negatively correlatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“These correlations suggested that salt injury symptoms was negatively correlated with relative water content, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content, but positively correlated with proline content and malondialdehyde content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt injury symptoms of olive were positively correlated with proline content and malondialdehyde content.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Compound
- proline content and malondialdehyde contente1
- Outcome
- salt injury symptomse1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“These correlations suggested that salt injury symptoms was negatively correlated with relative water content, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content, but positively correlated with proline content and malondialdehyde content”
Claim · model-written summary
Zard and Shiraz olive cultivars were more tolerant to salinity than Amigdal, which was the most sensitive.
- Taxon
- OliveOlea europaeae0
- Material
- Zard and Shiraz cultivarse1
- Outcome
- more tolerante1
- Qualifier
- was the most sensitive to changes in the salt levelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Olive is one of the most important fruit crops in Iran and the world”
e1“Zard and Shiraz cultivars were more tolerant and ‘Amygdal’ was the most sensitive to changes in the salt levels”
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