Abstract
In an organic apple orchard, standard mechanical cultivation was compared with four different orchard floor management systems (OFMS): acetic acid (V), living mulch (L), a sandwich system during the growing season (SSS), and a sandwich system during the whole year (SSW). The effects of these OFMS on weed management, soil conditions, tree growth, tree yield, fruit quality, and fruit storage potential in a cool climate were evaluated. Acetic acid treatment showed good weed suppression without any amendatory effect on soil conditions, fruit quality, or tree performance. The L and SSS systems increased soil respiration, decreased tree vigor, and improved fruit quality, but had no sufficient influence on weed competition and thus decreased fruit yield. Only SSW gave better weed control, higher soil respiration, and acceptable tree growth with no yield reduction. Fruit from this system also showed better quality at harvest than fruit from other OFMS and maintained this good quality during storage. A 6-week weed-free period from late May to mid-July gave the highest apple yield in two OFMS (SSW and V).
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Acetic acid suppressed orchard weeds.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Acetic acid treatmente0
- Outcome
- weed suppressione0
- Direction
- goode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetic acid treatment showed good weed suppression”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetic acid did not amend soil conditions, fruit quality or tree performance.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Acetic acide0
- Outcome
- soil conditions, fruit quality, or tree performancee0
- Direction
- without any amendatory effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetic acid treatment showed good weed suppression without any amendatory effect on soil conditions, fruit quality, or tree performance.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch increased orchard soil respiration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Le0
- Outcome
- soil respiratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The L and SSS systems increased soil respiration, decreased tree vigor, and improved fruit quality”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The seasonal sandwich system increased orchard soil respiration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SSSe0
- Outcome
- soil respiratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The L and SSS systems increased soil respiration, decreased tree vigor, and improved fruit quality”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch decreased apple tree vigor.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Le0
- Outcome
- tree vigore0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The L and SSS systems increased soil respiration, decreased tree vigor, and improved fruit quality”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The seasonal sandwich system decreased apple tree vigor.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SSSe0
- Outcome
- tree vigore0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The L and SSS systems increased soil respiration, decreased tree vigor, and improved fruit quality”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch improved apple fruit quality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Le0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The L and SSS systems increased soil respiration, decreased tree vigor, and improved fruit quality”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The seasonal sandwich system improved apple fruit quality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SSSe0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The L and SSS systems increased soil respiration, decreased tree vigor, and improved fruit quality”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Living mulch insufficiently controlled weeds and reduced apple yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Le0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- no sufficient influence on weed competitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The L and SSS systems increased soil respiration, decreased tree vigor, and improved fruit quality, but had no sufficient influence on weed competition and thus decreased fruit yield.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The seasonal sandwich system insufficiently controlled weeds and reduced apple yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SSSe0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- no sufficient influence on weed competitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The L and SSS systems increased soil respiration, decreased tree vigor, and improved fruit quality, but had no sufficient influence on weed competition and thus decreased fruit yield.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The year-round sandwich system improved weed control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SSWe0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only SSW gave better weed control, higher soil respiration, and acceptable tree growth with no yield reduction.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The year-round sandwich system increased soil respiration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SSWe0
- Outcome
- soil respiratione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only SSW gave better weed control, higher soil respiration, and acceptable tree growth with no yield reduction.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The year-round sandwich system maintained acceptable tree growth without reducing yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SSWe0
- Outcome
- tree growth with no yield reductione0
- Direction
- no yield reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only SSW gave better weed control, higher soil respiration, and acceptable tree growth with no yield reduction.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The year-round sandwich system improved fruit quality at harvest compared with other floor systems.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- this systeme0
- Outcome
- quality at harveste0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- other OFMSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit from this system also showed better quality at harvest than fruit from other OFMS”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit quality from the year-round sandwich system remained good in storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- good quality during storagee0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintained this good quality during storage.”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
A six-week weed-free interval gave the highest apple yield under SSW and acetic acid floor management.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- 6-week weed-free period from late May to mid-Julye0
- Outcome
- apple yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- SSW and Ve0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 6-week weed-free period from late May to mid-July gave the highest apple yield in two OFMS (SSW and V).”
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