Abstract
Background and Aims Ammopiptanthus monglicus, endemic to the semi-arid desert region of central Asia, is an endangered evergreen leguminous shrub. Having difficulties to recruit into its original habitat, A. mongolicus population is experiencing difficulties in regeneration, and the area it ever possessed is shrinking. It is included in the China Red Data Book of Endangered Plant as the third-class protected plant. Despite the importance of seed germination characteristics in developing an adequate understanding of both primary and secondary colonization processes, there still not a few previous studies on the germination of A. mongolicus. To get a comprehensive understanding about the germination characteristics and seedling performance of A. mongolicus, experiments were, therefore, conducted to define the optimum environmental condition for germination. Further, the seed size effects on the seedling performance is also investigated here. Methods In order to find out optimal temperature for soaking, Seeds were soaked in water of 21.5 (room temperature), 40, 60, 80, 90 ℃ for 5 minutes respectively. Treated seeds were placed on moistened filter papers in 11cm diameter Petri dishes, then, transferred into a laboratory incubator at 28 ℃. To test the germination response of the seed to the environmental temperature, seeds presoaked in 60 ℃ hot water were put into incubator under 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 ℃ for germination, respectively. In the case of container seedling culture, presoaked seed were sowed with different cultural media, sandy soil, clay loam, mixed soil (sand soil mixed with clay loam at the ratio of 1∶1). Attempt to answer the question that whether the seeds with different size will differ in seedling performance, seeds were categorized into three groups according to the their diameter, those less than 5 mm, those between 5 and 6 mm, and those that of more than 6 mm. Pretreated seeds of its respective size were sowed into the raised seedbed separately. Observations on the seedlings survival rate, leaf width, leaf number, and plant height were recorded almost twice a month. Key Results Seeds presoaked in water at 60 ℃, gave the highest germination vigor that 56.4% seeds were germinated within one day's incubation at 28 ℃. The optimal temperature for hypocotyl and radicle elongation of seedling is 25 ℃ to 30 ℃, lower than that for seed germination initiation (30 ℃). Temperature above 40 ℃ would likely have a detrimental effect on seedling growth in the germination test, it cause the hypocotyl and radical tissue damage and eventually decay of the seedlings. Interestingly, the percentage of abnormal seedlings with tightly twisted radicle and split tip, which are less likely to survive in the seedbed, were just 5.2% -8.6% under the temperature of 30 ℃ to 40 ℃, greatly less than that of 28.1% under the temperature of 15 ℃. In the case of container seedling culture, sixty three percent seedlings emerged out of the sand soil within 7 days, while in clay loam only 11%. Compared with seedlings emerged from the smaller one, seedlings emerged from seeds with size more than 5 mm tend to be stronger and growing more vigorous than the smaller one during the early stages of growth. This trend is further evidenced by the weak and high susceptibilities to pathogen and continuous death of seedlings from the smaller seeds within the 70 days growth. Seedlings from larger seeds took only about 57 days to attain a constant survival rate of more than 56.3%, while seedlings from the smaller ones took more than 70 days to attain 35.4% and still on a decreasing trend. Conclusions Extremely high or low temperature have a detrimental effect on germination and seedlings performance of A. mongolicus shortly after the germination initiation, despite the fact that their adult counterpart have a extremely high tolerance to the hardness of its environment. This is accordance with our filed observation that very few seedlings or saplings were seen in the natural habitat. Soaking in hot water between 40 ℃ to 60 ℃ did promote the germination rate of A. mongolicus, and decrease the percentage of remaining hard-coated seeds. Seeds less than 5 mm in diameter showed reductions in seedling quality and seedling performance suggests that seeds with different size may have significant impacts on future community composition in the prospect habitat and should be treated discriminatingly in nursery and re-introduction activity.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Ammopiptanthus mongolicus seeds presoaked in water at 60 ℃ gave the highest germination vigor, with 56.4% germinated within one day at 28 ℃.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS
Ammopiptanthus mongolicust0 - Treatment
- presoaked in water at 60 ℃e1
- Outcome
- germination vigore1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 56.4%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds presoaked in water at 60 ℃, gave the highest germination vigor that 56.4% seeds were germinated within one day's incubation at 28 ℃”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal temperature for hypocotyl and radicle elongation of A. mongolicus seedlings is 25 ℃ to 30 ℃, lower than that for germination initiation (30 ℃).
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Outcome
- optimal temperature for hypocotyl and radicle elongatione1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 25 ℃ to 30 ℃e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The optimal temperature for hypocotyl and radicle elongation of seedling is 25 ℃ to 30 ℃, lower than that for seed germination initiation (30 ℃)”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature above 40 ℃ would likely have a detrimental effect on A. mongolicus seedling growth in the germination test.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- Temperature above 40 ℃e1
- Outcome
- seedling growthe1
- Direction
- detrimental effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Temperature above 40 ℃ would likely have a detrimental effect on seedling growth in the germination test”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
The percentage of abnormal seedlings was only 5.2%-8.6% at 30 ℃ to 40 ℃, much lower than 28.1% at 15 ℃.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- temperature of 30 ℃ to 40 ℃e1
- Outcome
- percentage of abnormal seedlingse1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Value
- 5.2% -8.6%e1
- Qualifier
- 28.1%e1
- Comparator
- 15 ℃e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the percentage of abnormal seedlings with tightly twisted radicle and split tip, which are less likely to survive in the seedbed, were just 5.2% -8.6% under the temperature of 30 ℃ to 40 ℃, greatly less than that of 28.1% under the temperature of 15 ℃”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
In container culture, sixty three percent of seedlings emerged from sandy soil within 7 days versus only 11% in clay loam.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- sand soile1
- Outcome
- seedlings emergede1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- sixty three percente1
- Qualifier
- only 11%e1
- Comparator
- clay loame1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“sixty three percent seedlings emerged out of the sand soil within 7 days, while in clay loam only 11%”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings from seeds larger than 5 mm tended to be stronger and more vigorous than those from smaller seeds in early growth.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- seeds with size more than 5 mme1
- Outcome
- stronger and growing more vigorouse1
- Direction
- strongere1
- Comparator
- the smaller onee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“seedlings emerged from seeds with size more than 5 mm tend to be stronger and growing more vigorous than the smaller one during the early stages of growth”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings from larger seeds took about 57 days to reach a constant survival rate above 56.3%, whereas those from smaller seeds took over 70 days to reach 35.4%.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- larger seedse1
- Outcome
- constant survival ratee1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 56.3%e1
- Qualifier
- 35.4%e1
- Comparator
- smaller onese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seedlings from larger seeds took only about 57 days to attain a constant survival rate of more than 56.3%, while seedlings from the smaller ones took more than 70 days to attain 35.4%”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings from smaller seeds showed high susceptibility to pathogen and continuous death within 70 days.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Interactor
- pathogene1pathogen
- Outcome
- high susceptibilities to pathogene1
- Qualifier
- seedlings from the smaller seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This trend is further evidenced by the weak and high susceptibilities to pathogen and continuous death of seedlings from the smaller seeds within the 70 days growth”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking in hot water at 40 ℃ to 60 ℃ promoted the germination rate of A. mongolicus.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- Soaking in hot water between 40 ℃ to 60 ℃e1
- Outcome
- germination ratee1
- Direction
- promotee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soaking in hot water between 40 ℃ to 60 ℃ did promote the germination rate of A. mongolicus, and decrease the percentage of remaining hard-coated seeds”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking in hot water at 40 ℃ to 60 ℃ decreased the percentage of remaining hard-coated seeds of A. mongolicus.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- Soaking in hot water between 40 ℃ to 60 ℃e1
- Outcome
- percentage of remaining hard-coated seedse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soaking in hot water between 40 ℃ to 60 ℃ did promote the germination rate of A. mongolicus, and decrease the percentage of remaining hard-coated seeds”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Extremely high or low temperature had a detrimental effect on germination and seedling performance of A. mongolicus.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- Extremely high or low temperaturee1
- Outcome
- germination and seedlings performancee1
- Direction
- detrimental effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Extremely high or low temperature have a detrimental effect on germination and seedlings performance of A. mongolicus”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds smaller than 5 mm in diameter showed reduced seedling quality and seedling performance.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Treatment
- Seeds less than 5 mm in diametere1
- Outcome
- seedling quality and seedling performancee1
- Direction
- reductionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds less than 5 mm in diameter showed reductions in seedling quality and seedling performance”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend that seeds of different sizes be treated discriminatingly in nursery and re-introduction activity.
- Taxon
- AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUSAmmopiptanthus mongolicust0
- Outcome
- treated discriminatingly in nursery and re-introduction activitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“should be treated discriminatingly in nursery and re-introduction activity”
t0“AMMOPIPTANTHUS MONGOLICUS”
The same questions in other papers
application · growth · Ammopiptanthus mongolicusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.