Abstract
Aims Pinus massoniana and Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species, respectively, in timber plantations in the subtropical mountain area of China. Our aim was to elucidate the effects of competition on foraging behavior of these two species in a heterogeneous nutrient environment to provide scientifically based guidelines for mixed afforestation establishment in South China. Methods We designed a pot experiment consisting of three treatments to evaluate effects of competion on seedling growth and foraging behavior of P. massoniana and S. superba. The treatments were single, pureand mixedplantings under heterogeneous and homogeneous environments. Important findings Compared with the homogeneous nutrient envionment, seedlings in the heterogeneous nutrient environment were taller, had greater dry matter accumulation and had more effective nutrient absorption with increased root proliferation in the nutrient-rich patches. In the heterogeneous environment, S. superba had better growth in mixed- than in single- and pure-plantings, and exhibited enhancement of root morphological and physiological plasticity in foraging patchy nutrients. Pinus massoniana in the mixed-planting also was taller, not only because of little change of root scale, sensitivity and precision but also increased nutrient absorption efficiency. However, intraspecific competition reduced root scale, sensitivity and root N, and P content and resulted in significantly decreased seedling height and dry matter accumulation. Schima superba was affected more markedly by intraspecific competition than P. massoniana in the heterogeneous environment. It is suggested that mixed-plantings can improve the growth of P. massoniana and S. superba and appropriate decrease ofinitial density or timely control of stand density can increase the productivity of pure plantations of the two species.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Heterogeneous nutrients increased seedling height relative to homogeneous nutrients.
- Taxon
- Pinus massoniana and Schima superba
Schima superba
Pinus massonianae1 - Treatment
- heterogeneous nutrient environmente0
- Outcome
- seedlingse0
- Direction
- tallere0
- Comparator
- homogeneous nutrient envionmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the homogeneous nutrient envionment, seedlings in the heterogeneous nutrient environment were taller”
e1“Pinus massoniana and Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterogeneous nutrients increased seedling dry matter accumulation.
- Taxon
- Pinus massoniana and Schima superbaSchima superbaPinus massonianae1
- Treatment
- heterogeneous nutrient environmente0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- homogeneous nutrient envionmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the homogeneous nutrient envionment, seedlings in the heterogeneous nutrient environment were taller, had greater dry matter accumulation”
e1“Pinus massoniana and Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterogeneous nutrients increased seedling nutrient absorption.
- Taxon
- Pinus massoniana and Schima superbaSchima superbaPinus massonianae1
- Treatment
- heterogeneous nutrient environmente0
- Outcome
- nutrient absorptione0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- homogeneous nutrient envionmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the homogeneous nutrient envionment, seedlings in the heterogeneous nutrient environment were taller, had greater dry matter accumulation and had more effective nutrient absorption”
e1“Pinus massoniana and Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots proliferated more in nutrient-rich patches under heterogeneous nutrients.
- Taxon
- Pinus massoniana and Schima superbaSchima superbaPinus massonianae1
- Treatment
- heterogeneous nutrient environmente2
- Outcome
- root proliferatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased root proliferation in the nutrient-rich patches”
e1“Pinus massoniana and Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
e2“seedlings in the heterogeneous nutrient environment”
Claim · model-written summary
Schima superba grew better in mixed than single and pure plantings under heterogeneous nutrients.
- Taxon
- Schima superbaSchima superbae1
- Treatment
- mixed-e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- single- and pure-plantingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the heterogeneous environment, S. superba had better growth in mixed- than in single- and pure-plantings”
e1“Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
Claim · model-written summary
Schima superba showed enhanced root morphological and physiological plasticity in patchy nutrients.
- Taxon
- Schima superbaSchima superbae1
- Outcome
- root morphological and physiological plasticitye0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exhibited enhancement of root morphological and physiological plasticity in foraging patchy nutrients”
e1“Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed-planting increased Pinus massoniana seedling height.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianae0
- Treatment
- mixed-plantinge0
- Interactor
- S. superbaSchima superbae1other
- Outcome
- Pinus massonianae0
- Direction
- tallere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pinus massoniana in the mixed-planting also was taller”
e1“S. superba had better growth in mixed- than in single- and pure-plantings”
Claim · model-written summary
Pinus massoniana nutrient absorption efficiency increased in mixed planting.
- Taxon
- Pinus massonianaPinus massonianae0
- Treatment
- mixed-plantinge0
- Outcome
- nutrient absorption efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pinus massoniana in the mixed-planting also was taller, not only because of little change of root scale, sensitivity and precision but also increased nutrient absorption efficiency.”
Claim · model-written summary
Intraspecific competition reduced root scale and sensitivity.
- Taxon
- Pinus massoniana and Schima superbaSchima superbaPinus massonianae1
- Treatment
- intraspecific competitione0
- Outcome
- root scale, sensitivitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intraspecific competition reduced root scale, sensitivity and root N, and P content”
e1“Pinus massoniana and Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
Claim · model-written summary
Intraspecific competition reduced root nitrogen and phosphorus content.
- Taxon
- Pinus massoniana and Schima superbaSchima superbaPinus massonianae1
- Treatment
- intraspecific competitione0
- Outcome
- root N, and P contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intraspecific competition reduced root scale, sensitivity and root N, and P content”
e1“Pinus massoniana and Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
Claim · model-written summary
Intraspecific competition significantly decreased seedling height and dry matter accumulation.
- Taxon
- Pinus massoniana and Schima superbaSchima superbaPinus massonianae1
- Treatment
- intraspecific competitione0
- Outcome
- seedling height and dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intraspecific competition reduced root scale, sensitivity and root N, and P content and resulted in significantly decreased seedling height and dry matter accumulation.”
e1“Pinus massoniana and Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
Claim · model-written summary
Intraspecific competition affected Schima superba more than Pinus massoniana in heterogeneous nutrients.
- Taxon
- Schima superbaSchima superbae0
- Outcome
- affectede0
- Direction
- more markedlye0
- Comparator
- P. massonianae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Schima superba was affected more markedly by intraspecific competition than P. massoniana in the heterogeneous environment.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest mixed planting to improve growth of both tree species.
- Taxon
- P. massoniana and S. superbaSchima superbaPinus massonianae0
- Outcome
- mixed-plantingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mixed-plantings can improve the growth of P. massoniana and S. superba”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest reducing initial density or controlling stand density to increase pure plantation productivity.
- Taxon
- Pinus massoniana and Schima superbaSchima superbaPinus massonianae1
- Outcome
- appropriate decrease ofinitial density or timely control of stand densitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“appropriate decrease ofinitial density or timely control of stand density can increase the productivity of pure plantations of the two species.”
e1“Pinus massoniana and Schima superba are important coniferous and broad-leaved species”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.