Abstract
The most important pathogen for apples is Penicillium expansum that is the causal organism of blue mould. Postharvest losses are controlled with chemical fungicides such as TBZ but a growing concern for human health and a greater awareness for environmental conservation have multiplied the studies on new ecological technologies. In the search of new environment and consumer friendly technologies that can reduce toxic residues, the use of GRAS compounds represent a valid alternative to the use of synthetic postharvest fungicides. The aims of the present work were: (1) To evaluate the effectiveness of different GRAS compounds in the control of P. expansum in artificially inoculated fruit; (2) To assess the capability of injured and treated fruit with GRAS compounds, used alone or combined, to heal the wounds in order to resist to infection. Fruit was injured with a steel rod and after 1 hour was (1) Inoculated with the pathogen and after 24 hours treated or (2) Treated and after 24 hours inoculated. Treatments were performed with the following compounds: sodium bicarbonate (SBC), boric acid (BA) and calcium chloride (CC) by using a 1% solution for all of them. After 9 or 14 days fruit lesion diameters were assessed. In the trial (1) the combined treatment with BA and SBC was the most effective reducing the lesion diameter by 86.5% with respect to untreated fruit, after 9 days from infection. A good pathogen control was also obtained with BA used alone or combined with CC. When the treatment was performed before infection the best results were achieved with the combination of SBC and CC, with 87% of reduction of the lesion diameter. The addition of CC also reduced the lesion if combined with BA (66.8%). These preliminary results showed that GRAS compounds can be effective in reducing blue mold by a direct effect on the pathogen, and by modulating fruit responses enhancing host resistance.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
The combined BA and SBC treatment reduced lesion diameter by 86.5% relative to untreated fruit 9 days after infection.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- combined treatment with BA and SBCe1
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- lesion diametere1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 86.5%e1
- Comparator
- untreated fruite1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the combined treatment with BA and SBC was the most effective reducing the lesion diameter by 86.5% with respect to untreated fruit, after 9 days from infection”
e0“The most important pathogen for apples is Penicillium expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
BA used alone or combined with CC gave good control of the pathogen.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- BA used alone or combined with CCe2
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen controle2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“A good pathogen control was also obtained with BA used alone or combined with CC”
e0“The most important pathogen for apples is Penicillium expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying SBC and CC before infection gave 87% reduction of lesion diameter.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- combination of SBC and CCe3
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- lesion diametere3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Value
- 87%e3
- Qualifier
- performed before infectione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“When the treatment was performed before infection the best results were achieved with the combination of SBC and CC, with 87% of reduction of the lesion diameter”
e0“The most important pathogen for apples is Penicillium expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding CC combined with BA reduced lesion diameter by 66.8%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- addition of CCe4
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- lesione4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 66.8%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The addition of CC also reduced the lesion if combined with BA (66.8%)”
e0“The most important pathogen for apples is Penicillium expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
GRAS compounds can reduce blue mould by a direct effect on the pathogen.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- reducing blue molde5
- Qualifier
- by a direct effect on the pathogene5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“GRAS compounds can be effective in reducing blue mold by a direct effect on the pathogen”
e0“The most important pathogen for apples is Penicillium expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
GRAS compounds may enhance apple host resistance by modulating fruit responses.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- host resistancee6
- Qualifier
- modulating fruit responsese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“modulating fruit responses enhancing host resistance”
e0“The most important pathogen for apples is Penicillium expansum”
The same questions in other papers
N-benzyladenine · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
sodium hydrogencarbonate · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
calcium chloride dihydrate · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.