Abstract
Growth chambers constructed of photoselective plastic films were used to investigate light quality effects on flowering and stem elongation of six flowering plant species under strongly inductive and weakly inductive photoperiods. Three films were used: a clear control film, a far red (FR) light absorbing (A FR ) film and a red (R) light absorbing (A R ) film. The A FR and A R films intercepted FR (700 to 800 nm) and R (600 to 700 nm) wavelengths with maximum interception at 730 and 690 nm, respectively. The phytochrome photoequilibrium estimates of transmitted light for the control, A FR , and A R films were 0.71, 0.77, and 0.67. The broad band R:FR ratios were 1.05, 1.51, and 0.77, respectively. The photosynthetic photon flux was adjusted with neutral density filters to provide similar light transmission among chambers. Zinnia elegans Jacq., Dendranthema × grandiflorum Kitam. (chrysanthemum), Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., and Petunia × hybrida Vilm.-Andr. plants grown under the A FR film were shorter than control plants. The A FR film had no effect on height of Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) or Rosa × hybrida (miniature rose). Anthesis of zinnia, chrysanthemum, cosmos (short-day plants), and miniature rose (day-neutral plant) was not influenced by the A FR films. Anthesis of petunia and snapdragon (long-day plants) was delayed up to 13 days by A FR films under weakly inductive photoperiods. In petunia, initiation and development of floral structures were not affected by the A FR films during strongly inductive photoperiods. However, during weakly inductive photoperiods, initiation of the floral primordia was significantly delayed and overall development of the floral meristem was slower than control plants indicating that the A FR films could increase the production time if long-day plants were produced off-season. Daylength extension with electric light sources could overcome this delay in anthesis yet achieve the benefit of A FR films for height reduction without the use of chemical growth regulators.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Zinnia elegans Jacq. was shorter under A FR film than control.
- Taxon
- Zinnia elegans Jacq.
Zinnia eleganse0 - Treatment
- A FR filme0
- Outcome
- shortere0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia elegans Jacq., Dendranthema × grandiflorum Kitam. (chrysanthemum), Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., and Petunia × hybrida Vilm.-Andr. plants grown under the A FR film were shorter than control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dendranthema × grandiflorum Kitam. was shorter under A FR film than control.
- Taxon
- Dendranthema × grandiflorum Kitam.
Chrysanthemum ×morifoliume0 - Treatment
- A FR filme0
- Outcome
- shortere0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia elegans Jacq., Dendranthema × grandiflorum Kitam. (chrysanthemum), Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., and Petunia × hybrida Vilm.-Andr. plants grown under the A FR film were shorter than control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. was shorter under A FR film than control.
- Taxon
- Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.
Cosmos bipinnatuse0 - Treatment
- A FR filme0
- Outcome
- shortere0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia elegans Jacq., Dendranthema × grandiflorum Kitam. (chrysanthemum), Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., and Petunia × hybrida Vilm.-Andr. plants grown under the A FR film were shorter than control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia × hybrida Vilm.-Andr. was shorter under A FR film than control.
- Taxon
- Petunia × hybrida Vilm.-Andr.
Petunia ×hybridae0 - Treatment
- A FR filme0
- Outcome
- shortere0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinnia elegans Jacq., Dendranthema × grandiflorum Kitam. (chrysanthemum), Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., and Petunia × hybrida Vilm.-Andr. plants grown under the A FR film were shorter than control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
A FR film had no effect on Antirrhinum majus L. height.
- Taxon
- Antirrhinum majus L.
Antirrhinum majuse0 - Treatment
- A FR filme0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The A FR film had no effect on height of Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) or Rosa × hybrida (miniature rose).”
Claim · model-written summary
A FR film had no effect on Rosa × hybrida height.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida
Rosa hybrid cultivare0 - Treatment
- A FR filme0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The A FR film had no effect on height of Antirrhinum majus L. (snapdragon) or Rosa × hybrida (miniature rose).”
Claim · model-written summary
zinnia anthesis was not influenced by A FR film.
ZinniaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthesis of zinnia, chrysanthemum, cosmos (short-day plants), and miniature rose (day-neutral plant) was not influenced by the A FR films.”
Claim · model-written summary
chrysanthemum anthesis was not influenced by A FR film.
- Taxon
- chrysanthemum
.jpeg?width=60)
Chrysanthemume0 - Treatment
- A FR filmse0
- Outcome
- Anthesise0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Anthesis of zinnia, chrysanthemum, cosmos (short-day plants), and miniature rose (day-neutral plant) was not influenced by the A FR films.”
Claim · model-written summary
cosmos anthesis was not influenced by A FR film.
CosmosNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthesis of zinnia, chrysanthemum, cosmos (short-day plants), and miniature rose (day-neutral plant) was not influenced by the A FR films.”
Claim · model-written summary
miniature rose anthesis was not influenced by A FR film.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Anthesis of zinnia, chrysanthemum, cosmos (short-day plants), and miniature rose (day-neutral plant) was not influenced by the A FR films.”
Claim · model-written summary
petunia anthesis was delayed up to 13 days by A FR film under weakly inductive photoperiods.
- Treatment
- A FR filmse0
- Outcome
- Anthesise0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- up to 13 dayse0
- Qualifier
- weakly inductive photoperiodse0
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PetuniaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Anthesis of petunia and snapdragon (long-day plants) was delayed up to 13 days by A FR films under weakly inductive photoperiods.”
Claim · model-written summary
snapdragon anthesis was delayed up to 13 days by A FR film under weakly inductive photoperiods.
- Taxon
- snapdragonAntirrhinum majuse0
- Treatment
- A FR filmse0
- Outcome
- Anthesise0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- up to 13 dayse0
- Qualifier
- weakly inductive photoperiodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthesis of petunia and snapdragon (long-day plants) was delayed up to 13 days by A FR films under weakly inductive photoperiods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia floral initiation and development were not affected under strongly inductive photoperiods.
- Treatment
- A FR filmse0
- Outcome
- initiation and development of floral structurese0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- strongly inductive photoperiodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In petunia, initiation and development of floral structures were not affected by the A FR films during strongly inductive photoperiods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia floral primordium initiation was delayed under weakly inductive photoperiods.
- Treatment
- weakly inductive photoperiodse0
- Outcome
- initiation of the floral primordiae0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during weakly inductive photoperiods, initiation of the floral primordia was significantly delayed and overall development of the floral meristem was slower than control plants”
t0“In petunia”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia floral meristem development was slower under weakly inductive photoperiods.
- Treatment
- weakly inductive photoperiodse0
- Outcome
- development of the floral meristeme0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during weakly inductive photoperiods, initiation of the floral primordia was significantly delayed and overall development of the floral meristem was slower than control plants”
t0“In petunia”
Claim · model-written summary
Daylength extension could overcome the anthesis delay while retaining height reduction.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Daylength extension with electric light sources could overcome this delay in anthesis yet achieve the benefit of A FR films for height reduction without the use of chemical growth regulators.”
t0“petunia and snapdragon”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Petunia (petunia)Positive and negative results
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