Abstract
In order to determine how salinity and exposure time affect seed viability and germination, seeds of five halophytes, Atriplex prostrata, Hordeum jubatum, Salicornia europaea, Spergularia marina, and Suaeda calceoliformis were exposed to 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0% NaCl solutions for 30, 60, 90, 365, and 730 d. Recovery experiments in distilled water indicated significantly different species responses to salinity over time. Percentage germination and rate of germination in H. jubatum were dramatically reduced following extended exposure and all seeds exposed to 10% NaCl for > 1 yr failed to germinate. Spergularia marina seeds were stimulated following short-term exposure to 3% NaCl; however, germination was delayed and overall germination was significantly reduced with exposure time in the two higher salinity levels. Percentage germination in A. prostrata decreased over time, but salinity level was not related to this reduction. Germination of S. europaea and S. calceoliformis, the most salt-tolerant species being tested, was stimulated by exposure to high salinity. Both species had a significant increase in percentage germination and in the germination rate when compared to seeds germinated in distilled water. Baseline germination data from seeds placed in 0, 1, 2, and 3% NaCl solutions indicated that S. europaea and S. calceoliformis were the only species to germinate in the 3% NaCl solution. Spergularia marina failed to germinate in the 2% NaCl treatment, and germination of A. prostrata and H. jubatum was significantly reduced at this salinity level. It is concluded that prolonged exposure to saline solutions can inhibit or stimulate germination in certain species, and the resulting germination and recovery responses are related to the duration and intensity of their exposure to salt in their natural habitats.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Extended salt exposure reduced germination percentage and rate in Hordeum jubatum.
- Taxon
- H. jubatum
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum jubatume0 - Treatment
- extended exposuree0
- Outcome
- Percentage germination and rate of germinatione0
- Direction
- dramatically reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Percentage germination and rate of germination in H. jubatum were dramatically reduced following extended exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
No Hordeum jubatum seeds germinated after exposure to 10% NaCl for more than one year.
- Taxon
- H. jubatumHordeum jubatume1
- Treatment
- 10% NaCl for > 1 yre0
- Outcome
- germinatee0
- Direction
- failed to germinatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all seeds exposed to 10% NaCl for > 1 yr failed to germinate”
e1“H. jubatum were dramatically reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Short exposure to 3% NaCl stimulated Spergularia marina seeds.
- Taxon
- Spergularia marina
_-_geograph.org.uk_-_215994.jpg?width=60)
Spergularia marinae0 - Treatment
- short-term exposure to 3% NaCle0
- Outcome
- seedse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_geograph.org.uk_-_215994.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Spergularia marina seeds were stimulated following short-term exposure to 3% NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
At the two higher salinity levels, Spergularia marina germination was delayed.
- Taxon
- Spergularia marinaSpergularia marinae0
- Treatment
- two higher salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spergularia marina seeds were stimulated following short-term exposure to 3% NaCl; however, germination was delayed and overall germination was significantly reduced with exposure time in the two higher salinity levels”
Claim · model-written summary
At the two higher salinity levels, Spergularia marina overall germination decreased significantly with exposure time.
- Taxon
- Spergularia marinaSpergularia marinae0
- Treatment
- two higher salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- overall germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spergularia marina seeds were stimulated following short-term exposure to 3% NaCl; however, germination was delayed and overall germination was significantly reduced with exposure time in the two higher salinity levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Atriplex prostrata germination percentage decreased over time.
- Taxon
- A. prostrata
Atriplex prostratae0 - Treatment
- over timee0
- Outcome
- Percentage germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Percentage germination in A. prostrata decreased over time”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity level was not related to the decline in Atriplex prostrata germination.
- Taxon
- A. prostrataAtriplex prostratae0
- Treatment
- salinity levele0
- Outcome
- this reductione0
- Direction
- not relatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Percentage germination in A. prostrata decreased over time, but salinity level was not related to this reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity stimulated germination of Salicornia europaea.
- Taxon
- S. europaea
_01.jpg?width=60)
Salicornia europaeae0 - Treatment
- high salinitye0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_01.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Germination of S. europaea and S. calceoliformis, the most salt-tolerant species being tested, was stimulated by exposure to high salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity stimulated germination of Suaeda calceoliformis.
- Taxon
- S. calceoliformis
.jpg?width=60)
Suaeda calceoliformise0 - Treatment
- high salinitye0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Germination of S. europaea and S. calceoliformis, the most salt-tolerant species being tested, was stimulated by exposure to high salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicornia europaea had significantly higher germination percentage and rate following high-salinity exposure than seeds germinated in distilled water.
- Taxon
- S. europaeaSalicornia europaeae1
- Treatment
- high salinitye1
- Outcome
- percentage germination and in the germination ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- seeds germinated in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both species had a significant increase in percentage germination and in the germination rate when compared to seeds germinated in distilled water.”
e1“Germination of S. europaea and S. calceoliformis, the most salt-tolerant species being tested, was stimulated by exposure to high salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Suaeda calceoliformis had significantly higher germination percentage and rate following high-salinity exposure than seeds germinated in distilled water.
- Taxon
- S. calceoliformisSuaeda calceoliformise1
- Treatment
- high salinitye1
- Outcome
- percentage germination and in the germination ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- seeds germinated in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both species had a significant increase in percentage germination and in the germination rate when compared to seeds germinated in distilled water.”
e1“Germination of S. europaea and S. calceoliformis, the most salt-tolerant species being tested, was stimulated by exposure to high salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicornia europaea seeds germinated in 3% NaCl.
- Taxon
- S. europaeaSalicornia europaeae0
- Treatment
- 3% NaCl solutione0
- Outcome
- germinatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. europaea and S. calceoliformis were the only species to germinate in the 3% NaCl solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Suaeda calceoliformis seeds germinated in 3% NaCl.
- Taxon
- S. calceoliformisSuaeda calceoliformise0
- Treatment
- 3% NaCl solutione0
- Outcome
- germinatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. europaea and S. calceoliformis were the only species to germinate in the 3% NaCl solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Spergularia marina seeds failed to germinate in 2% NaCl.
- Taxon
- Spergularia marinaSpergularia marinae0
- Treatment
- 2% NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- germinatee0
- Direction
- failed to germinatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spergularia marina failed to germinate in the 2% NaCl treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Atriplex prostrata germination was significantly reduced at 2% NaCl.
- Taxon
- A. prostrataAtriplex prostratae0
- Treatment
- 2% NaCl treatmente1
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination of A. prostrata and H. jubatum was significantly reduced at this salinity level”
e1“Spergularia marina failed to germinate in the 2% NaCl treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Hordeum jubatum germination was significantly reduced at 2% NaCl.
- Taxon
- H. jubatumHordeum jubatume0
- Treatment
- 2% NaCl treatmente1
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination of A. prostrata and H. jubatum was significantly reduced at this salinity level”
e1“Spergularia marina failed to germinate in the 2% NaCl treatment”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · growth · Spergularia marina (salt sandspurry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
sodium chloride · growth · Atriplex prostrata (triangle orache)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
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- positive
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See all 6 papers →sodium chloride · yield · Spergularia marina (salt sandspurry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
sodium chloride · growth · Hordeum jubatum (foxtail barley)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · growth · Spergularia marina (salt sandspurry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
salinity · growth · Salicornia europaea (common glasswort)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
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See all 10 papers →salinity · growth · Suaeda calceoliformisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.