Abstract
Climate warming has an obvious asymmetry between day and night, with a greater increment of air temperature at nighttime than at daytime. By adopting passive nighttime warming (PNW) system, a two-year field experiment of nighttime warming was conducted in the main production areas of winter wheat in China (Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Xuzhou of Jiangsu Province, Xuchang of Henan Province, and Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province) in 2009 and 2010, with the responses of soil pH and available nutrient contents during the whole growth periods and of wheat root characteristics at heading stage determined. As compared with the control (no nighttime warming), nighttime warming decreased the soil pH and available nutrient contents significantly, and increased the root dry mass and root/shoot ratio to a certain extent. During the whole growth period of winter wheat, nighttime warming decreased the soil pH in Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, Xuchang, and Zhenjiang averagely by 0.4%, 0.4%, 0.7%, and 0.9%, the soil alkaline nitrogen content averagely by 8.1%, 8.1%, 7.1%, and 6.0%, the soil available phosphorus content averagely by 15.7%, 12.1%, 19.6%, and 25.8%, and the soil available potassium content averagely by 11.5%, 7.6%, 7.6% , and 10.1%, respectively. However, nighttime warming increased the wheat root dry mass at heading stage in Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, and Zhenjiang averagely by 31. 5% , 27.0%, and 14.5%, and the root/shoot ratio at heading stage in Shijiazhuang, Xuchang, and Zhenjiang averagely by 23.8%, 13.7% and 9.7%, respectively. Our results indicated that nighttime warming could affect the soil nutrient supply and winter wheat growth via affecting the soil chemical properties.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil pH by 0.4% in Shijiazhuang.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.4%e0
- Setting
- Shijiazhuange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nighttime warming decreased the soil pH in Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, Xuchang, and Zhenjiang averagely by 0.4%, 0.4%, 0.7%, and 0.9%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil pH by 0.4% in Xuzhou.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.4%e0
- Setting
- Xuzhoue0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nighttime warming decreased the soil pH in Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, Xuchang, and Zhenjiang averagely by 0.4%, 0.4%, 0.7%, and 0.9%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil pH by 0.7% in Xuchang.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.7%e0
- Setting
- Xuchange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nighttime warming decreased the soil pH in Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, Xuchang, and Zhenjiang averagely by 0.4%, 0.4%, 0.7%, and 0.9%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil pH by 0.9% in Zhenjiang.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.9%e0
- Setting
- Zhenjiange0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nighttime warming decreased the soil pH in Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, Xuchang, and Zhenjiang averagely by 0.4%, 0.4%, 0.7%, and 0.9%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil alkaline nitrogen content by 8.1% in Shijiazhuang.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil alkaline nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 8.1%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil alkaline nitrogen content averagely by 8.1%, 8.1%, 7.1%, and 6.0%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil alkaline nitrogen content by 8.1% in Xuzhou.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil alkaline nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 8.1%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil alkaline nitrogen content averagely by 8.1%, 8.1%, 7.1%, and 6.0%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil alkaline nitrogen content by 7.1% in Xuchang.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil alkaline nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 7.1%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil alkaline nitrogen content averagely by 8.1%, 8.1%, 7.1%, and 6.0%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil alkaline nitrogen content by 6.0% in Zhenjiang.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil alkaline nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 6.0%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil alkaline nitrogen content averagely by 8.1%, 8.1%, 7.1%, and 6.0%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil available phosphorus content by 15.7%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil available phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 15.7%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil available phosphorus content averagely by 15.7%, 12.1%, 19.6%, and 25.8%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil available phosphorus content by 12.1%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil available phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 12.1%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil available phosphorus content averagely by 15.7%, 12.1%, 19.6%, and 25.8%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil available phosphorus content by 19.6%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil available phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 19.6%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil available phosphorus content averagely by 15.7%, 12.1%, 19.6%, and 25.8%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil available phosphorus content by 25.8%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil available phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 25.8%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil available phosphorus content averagely by 15.7%, 12.1%, 19.6%, and 25.8%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil available potassium content by 11.5%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil available potassium contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 11.5%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil available potassium content averagely by 11.5%, 7.6%, 7.6% , and 10.1%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil available potassium content by 7.6%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil available potassium contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 7.6%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil available potassium content averagely by 11.5%, 7.6%, 7.6% , and 10.1%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased soil available potassium content by 10.1%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil available potassium contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 10.1%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the soil available potassium content averagely by 11.5%, 7.6%, 7.6% , and 10.1%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming increased wheat root dry mass at heading by 31. 5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- root dry masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31. 5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nighttime warming increased the wheat root dry mass at heading stage in Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, and Zhenjiang averagely by 31. 5% , 27.0%, and 14.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming increased wheat root dry mass at heading by 27.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- root dry masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nighttime warming increased the wheat root dry mass at heading stage in Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, and Zhenjiang averagely by 31. 5% , 27.0%, and 14.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming increased wheat root dry mass at heading by 14.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- root dry masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nighttime warming increased the wheat root dry mass at heading stage in Shijiazhuang, Xuzhou, and Zhenjiang averagely by 31. 5% , 27.0%, and 14.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming increased wheat root/shoot ratio at heading by 23.8%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 23.8%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the root/shoot ratio at heading stage in Shijiazhuang, Xuchang, and Zhenjiang averagely by 23.8%, 13.7% and 9.7%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming increased wheat root/shoot ratio at heading by 13.7%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 13.7%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the root/shoot ratio at heading stage in Shijiazhuang, Xuchang, and Zhenjiang averagely by 23.8%, 13.7% and 9.7%”
t0“winter wheat”
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