Abstract
Abstract Climate change is likely to affect agroecosystems in many ways. This study was performed to investigate how a rice–winter wheat rotation agroecosystem in southeast China would respond to global warming. By using an infrared heater system, the soil surface temperature was maintained about 1.5 °C above ambient milieu over 3 years. In the third growing season (2009–2010), the evapotranspiration (ET) rate, crop production, soil respiration, and soil carbon pool were monitored. The ET rate was 23 % higher in the warmed plot as compared to the control plot during the rice paddy growing season, and the rice grain yield was 16.3 % lower, but there was no significant difference in these parameters between the plots during the winter wheat‐growing season. The phenology of the winter wheat shifted under experimental warming, and ET may decrease late in the winter wheat‐growing season. Experimental warming significantly enhanced soil respiration, with mean annual soil respiration rates of 2.57 ± 0.17 and 1.96 ± 0.06 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 observed in the warmed and control plots, respectively. After 3 years of warming, a significant decrease in the total organic carbon was observed, but only in the surface soil (0–5 cm). Warming also stimulated the belowground biomass, which may have compensated for any heat‐induced loss of soil organic carbon. Paddy rice seemed to be more vulnerable to warming than winter wheat in terms of water‐use efficiency and grain production.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased rice-season evapotranspiration by 23%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- warmed plote0
- Outcome
- ET ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 23 %e0
- Comparator
- control plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ET rate was 23 % higher in the warmed plot as compared to the control plot during the rice paddy growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced rice grain yield by 16.3%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- experimental warmingt0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 16.3 %e0
- Comparator
- control plote1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rice grain yield was 16.3 % lower”
e1“The ET rate was 23 % higher in the warmed plot as compared to the control plot during the rice paddy growing season”
t0“rice–wheat rotation agroecosystem to experimental warming”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice-season evapotranspiration and grain yield showed no significant plot difference in the winter wheat season.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- warmede1
- Outcome
- ET ratee1
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- control plote1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant difference in these parameters between the plots during the winter wheat‐growing season”
e1“The ET rate was 23 % higher in the warmed plot as compared to the control plot during the rice paddy growing season, and the rice grain yield was 16.3 % lower”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming shifted winter wheat phenology.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- experimental warminge0
- Outcome
- phenologye0
- Direction
- shiftede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phenology of the winter wheat shifted under experimental warming”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat evapotranspiration may decrease late in the growing season.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- ETe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- late in the winter wheat‐growing seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ET may decrease late in the winter wheat‐growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly increased soil respiration.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Experimental warminge0
- Outcome
- soil respiratione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 2.57 ± 0.17 and 1.96 ± 0.06 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1e0
- Qualifier
- 1.96 ± 0.06 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1e0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experimental warming significantly enhanced soil respiration, with mean annual soil respiration rates of 2.57 ± 0.17 and 1.96 ± 0.06 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 observed in the warmed and control plots, respectively”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Three years of warming significantly decreased surface-soil organic carbon.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 3 years of warminge0
- Outcome
- total organic carbone0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- only in the surface soil (0–5 cm)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 3 years of warming, a significant decrease in the total organic carbon was observed, but only in the surface soil (0–5 cm)”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming stimulated belowground biomass.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- belowground biomasse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming also stimulated the belowground biomass”
t0“rice–wheat”
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