Abstract
Transient waterlogging occurs frequently in the Yangtze River and adversely affects cotton fiber quality. However, the carbohydrate metabolic mechanism that affects fiber quality after waterlogging remains undescribed. Here, the effects of five waterlogging levels (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days) were assessed during flowering and boll formation to characterize the carbohydrates, enzymes and genes that affect the fiber quality of cotton after waterlogging. The cellulose and sucrose contents of cotton fibers were significantly decreased after waterlogging for 6 (WL6), 9 (WL9), and 12 d (WL12), although these properties were unaffected after 3 (WL3) and 6 days at the fruiting branch 14-15 (FB14-15). Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) was the most sensitive to waterlogging among the enzymes tested. SPS activity was decreased by waterlogging at FB6-7, whereas it was significantly enhanced under WL3-6 at FB10-15. Waterlogging down-regulated the expression of fiber invertase at 10 days post anthesis (DPA), whereas that of expansin, β-1,4-glucanase and endoxyloglucan transferase (XET) was up-regulated with increasing waterlogging time. Increased mRNA levels and activities of fiber SuSy at each fruiting branch indicated that SuSy was the main enzyme responsible for sucrose degradation because it was markedly induced by waterlogging and was active even when waterlogging was discontinued. We therefore concluded that the reduction in fiber sucrose and down-regulation of invertase at 10 DPA led to a markedly shorter fiber length under conditions WL6-12. Significantly decreased fiber strength at FB6-11 for WL6-12 was the result of the inhibition of cellulose synthesis and the up-regulation of expansin, β-1,4-glucanase and XET, whereas fiber strength increased under WL3-6 at FB14-15 due to the increased cellulose content of the fibers. Most of the indictors tested revealed that WL6 resulted in the best compensatory performance, whereas exposure to waterlogged conditions for more than 6 days led to an irreversible limitation in fiber development.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging for 6, 9 and 12 days significantly decreased cellulose and sucrose contents of cotton fibers.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Organ / stage
- cotton fiberse1
- Treatment
- waterlogging for 6 (WL6), 9 (WL9), and 12 d (WL12)e1
- Outcome
- cellulose and sucrose contentse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“The cellulose and sucrose contents of cotton fibers were significantly decreased after waterlogging for 6 (WL6), 9 (WL9), and 12 d (WL12)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cellulose and sucrose contents were unaffected by waterlogging for 3 and 6 days at fruiting branches 14-15.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruiting branch 14-15 (FB14-15)e1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Outcome
- cellulose and sucrose contentse1
- Direction
- unaffectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“The cellulose and sucrose contents of cotton fibers were significantly decreased after waterlogging for 6 (WL6), 9 (WL9), and 12 d (WL12), although these properties were unaffected after 3 (WL3) and 6 days at the fruiting branch 14-15 (FB14-15)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose phosphate synthase was the enzyme most sensitive to waterlogging among the enzymes tested.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Gene
- Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS)e1
- Outcome
- sensitive to waterlogginge1
- Direction
- most sensitivee1
- Comparator
- the enzymes testede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) was the most sensitive to waterlogging among the enzymes tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging decreased SPS activity at fruiting branches 6-7.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- FB6-7e1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Gene
- SPSe1
- Outcome
- SPS activitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“SPS activity was decreased by waterlogging at FB6-7”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging for WL3-6 significantly enhanced SPS activity at fruiting branches 10-15.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- FB10-15e2
- Treatment
- WL3-6e2
- Gene
- SPSe2
- Outcome
- SPS activitye2
- Direction
- significantly enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e2“SPS activity was decreased by waterlogging at FB6-7, whereas it was significantly enhanced under WL3-6 at FB10-15”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging down-regulated fiber invertase expression at 10 days post anthesis.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- 10 days post anthesis (DPA)e1
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge1
- Gene
- fiber invertasee1
- Outcome
- expression of fiber invertasee1
- Direction
- down-regulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“Waterlogging down-regulated the expression of fiber invertase at 10 days post anthesis (DPA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Expansin, beta-1,4-glucanase and XET were up-regulated with increasing waterlogging time.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- increasing waterlogging timee1
- Gene
- expansine1
- Outcome
- expansin, β-1,4-glucanase and endoxyloglucan transferase (XET)e1
- Direction
- up-regulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“whereas that of expansin, β-1,4-glucanase and endoxyloglucan transferase (XET) was up-regulated with increasing waterlogging time”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging increased mRNA levels and activities of fiber SuSy at each fruiting branch.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruiting branche1
- Treatment
- waterlogginge1
- Gene
- SuSye1
- Outcome
- mRNA levels and activities of fiber SuSye1
- Direction
- Increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“Increased mRNA levels and activities of fiber SuSy at each fruiting branch indicated that SuSy was the main enzyme responsible for sucrose degradation because it was markedly induced by waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
SuSy remained active after waterlogging was discontinued.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Gene
- SuSye2
- Outcome
- active even when waterlogging was discontinuede1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“it was markedly induced by waterlogging and was active even when waterlogging was discontinued”
e2“Increased mRNA levels and activities of fiber SuSy at each fruiting branch”
Claim · model-written summary
SuSy was the main enzyme responsible for sucrose degradation in cotton fiber.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Gene
- SuSye1
- Outcome
- sucrose degradatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“Increased mRNA levels and activities of fiber SuSy at each fruiting branch indicated that SuSy was the main enzyme responsible for sucrose degradation because it was markedly induced by waterlogging”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in fiber sucrose and down-regulated invertase at 10 DPA were associated with markedly shorter fiber length under WL6-12.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- WL6-12e1
- Gene
- invertasee1
- Compound
- sucrosee1
- Outcome
- fiber lengthe1
- Direction
- markedly shortere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“We therefore concluded that the reduction in fiber sucrose and down-regulation of invertase at 10 DPA led to a markedly shorter fiber length under conditions WL6-12”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging for WL6-12 significantly decreased fiber strength at fruiting branches 6-11.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- FB6-11e1
- Treatment
- WL6-12e1
- Outcome
- fiber strengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“Significantly decreased fiber strength at FB6-11 for WL6-12 was the result of the inhibition of cellulose synthesis and the up-regulation of expansin, β-1,4-glucanase and XET”
Claim · model-written summary
Fiber strength increased under WL3-6 at fruiting branches 14-15, due to increased fiber cellulose content.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Organ / stage
- FB14-15e1
- Treatment
- WL3-6e1
- Compound
- cellulosee1
- Outcome
- fiber strengthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“fiber strength increased under WL3-6 at FB14-15 due to the increased cellulose content of the fibers”
Claim · model-written summary
WL6 gave the best compensatory performance across most indicators tested.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- WL6e1
- Outcome
- compensatory performancee1
- Direction
- beste1
- Qualifier
- Most of the indictors testede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“Most of the indictors tested revealed that WL6 resulted in the best compensatory performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogged conditions for more than 6 days led to an irreversible limitation of fiber development.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutumGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- exposure to waterlogged conditions for more than 6 dayse1
- Outcome
- fiber developmente1
- Direction
- limitatione1
- Qualifier
- irreversiblee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
e1“exposure to waterlogged conditions for more than 6 days led to an irreversible limitation in fiber development”
The same questions in other papers
flooding · molecular: metabolites · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
flooding · quality: grain · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.