Abstract
Leaf extracts of cultivated cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis DC) are an important source of phenols. Soilless culture represents an important and alternative tool to traditional agriculture, since it allows a precise control of plant nutrition and the maximization of yield and quality of the product. Reducing N supply, while keeping quantity as high as possible is desirable for environmental and health-related reasons, especially that N deficiency can lead to improved concentrations of secondary plant metabolites. Two greenhouse experiments were carried out in order to determine the effect of a decreasing [Formula: see text]:Cl(-) ratio (80:20, 60:40, 40:60, or 20:80) and nitrate deprivation (0, 5, 10, or 15 days before harvest) on biomass production, leaf chlorophyll content and fluorescence, mineral composition, and phytochemicals in leaves of cardoon 'Bianco Avorio' grown in a floating system. Total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity increased linearly with Cl(-) availability, especially when nitrate was replaced by 80% of chloride (20:80 [Formula: see text]:Cl(-) ratio), without having a detrimental effect on yield. Total nitrogen and nitrate concentration in leaves decreased linearly with increasing Cl(-) in the nutrient solution. Total phenols and antioxidant capacity recorded after 15 days of nitrate deprivation were higher by 43.1, 42.8, and 44.3% and by 70.5, 40.9, and 62.2%, at 59, 97 and 124 days after sowing, respectively compared to the control treatment. The decrease in leaf nitrate content recorded under N-deprivation occurred more rapidly than the reduction in total nitrogen. Thus, up to 15 days of nitrate withdrawal can lower nitrates without sharply reduce total nitrogen or affecting growth and biomass of cultivated cardoon. The use of N-free nutrient solution prior to harvest or the replacement of nitrates with chlorides could be adopted among growers to improve the quality of the product and enhance sustainability of crop production system.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenols increased linearly with chloride availability.
- Taxon
- Cardoon
Cynara cardunculust0 - Treatment
- Cl(-) availabilitye0
- Outcome
- Total phenolse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity increased linearly with Cl(-) availability”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoids increased linearly with chloride availability.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Treatment
- Cl(-) availabilitye0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity increased linearly with Cl(-) availability”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant capacity increased linearly with chloride availability.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Treatment
- Cl(-) availabilitye0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity increased linearly with Cl(-) availability”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing nitrate with 80% chloride did not harm yield.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Treatment
- 80% of chloridee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- without having a detrimental effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrate was replaced by 80% of chloride (20:80 [Formula: see text]:Cl(-) ratio), without having a detrimental effect on yield”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf total nitrogen decreased linearly with increasing chloride in the nutrient solution.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- increasing Cl(-) in the nutrient solutione0
- Outcome
- Total nitrogene0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total nitrogen and nitrate concentration in leaves decreased linearly with increasing Cl(-) in the nutrient solution.”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf nitrate concentration decreased linearly with increasing chloride in the nutrient solution.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- increasing Cl(-) in the nutrient solutione0
- Outcome
- nitrate concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total nitrogen and nitrate concentration in leaves decreased linearly with increasing Cl(-) in the nutrient solution.”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
After 15 days of nitrate deprivation, total phenols were higher by 43.1, 42.8, and 44.3% at 59, 97, and 124 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Treatment
- 15 days of nitrate deprivatione0
- Outcome
- Total phenolse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 43.1, 42.8, and 44.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 59, 97 and 124 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols and antioxidant capacity recorded after 15 days of nitrate deprivation were higher by 43.1, 42.8, and 44.3% and by 70.5, 40.9, and 62.2%, at 59, 97 and 124 days after sowing, respectively compared to the control treatment.”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
After 15 days of nitrate deprivation, antioxidant capacity was higher by 70.5, 40.9, and 62.2% at 59, 97, and 124 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Treatment
- 15 days of nitrate deprivatione0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 70.5, 40.9, and 62.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 59, 97 and 124 days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols and antioxidant capacity recorded after 15 days of nitrate deprivation were higher by 43.1, 42.8, and 44.3% and by 70.5, 40.9, and 62.2%, at 59, 97 and 124 days after sowing, respectively compared to the control treatment.”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate deprivation reduced leaf nitrate more rapidly than total nitrogen.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Treatment
- N-deprivatione0
- Outcome
- leaf nitrate contente0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- total nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease in leaf nitrate content recorded under N-deprivation occurred more rapidly than the reduction in total nitrogen.”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 15 days of nitrate withdrawal can lower nitrate without sharply reducing total nitrogen.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- up to 15 days of nitrate withdrawale0
- Outcome
- nitratese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up to 15 days of nitrate withdrawal can lower nitrates without sharply reduce total nitrogen or affecting growth and biomass of cultivated cardoon.”
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 15 days of nitrate withdrawal did not affect cardoon growth and biomass.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- up to 15 days of nitrate withdrawale0
- Outcome
- growth and biomasse0
- Direction
- without sharply reduce total nitrogen or affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up to 15 days of nitrate withdrawal can lower nitrates without sharply reduce total nitrogen or affecting growth and biomass of cultivated cardoon.”
Claim · model-written summary
Growers could use nitrate-free solution before harvest to improve cardoon product quality and sustainability.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Outcome
- use of N-free nutrient solution prior to harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of N-free nutrient solution prior to harvest or the replacement of nitrates with chlorides could be adopted among growers to improve the quality of the product and enhance sustainability of crop production system.”
t0“Cardoon”
Claim · model-written summary
Growers could replace nitrates with chlorides to improve cardoon product quality and sustainability.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Outcome
- replacement of nitrates with chloridese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of N-free nutrient solution prior to harvest or the replacement of nitrates with chlorides could be adopted among growers to improve the quality of the product and enhance sustainability of crop production system.”
t0“Cardoon”
The same questions in other papers
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fertilization · nutrient: content · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.