Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was conducted in Summer and Fall 2011 at the experimental farm of Tuscia University, central Italy, to study the effect of nutrient solution concentration (4, 20, 36, 52, or 68 mequiv·L −1 ) on biomass production, mineral composition, and concentrations of the major polyphenols in ‘Romolo’ artichoke and ‘Bianco Avorio’ cardoon grown in a floating system. Leaf dry biomass, leaf number, and macroelement concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) of artichoke and cardoon increased in response to an increase in the nutrient solution concentration, whereas an opposite trend was observed for the total polyphenols, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, cynarin, and caffeic acid), and the flavonoid luteolin. Artichoke and cardoon gave maximum biomass production and leaf number at 45 and 54 mequiv·L −1 , respectively. Cardoon showed higher biomass and leaf number (average 1.13 kg·m −2 and 14.0 n./plant, respectively) than those observed in artichoke (average 1.07 kg·m −2 and 12.7 n./plant, respectively). The chlorogenic acid, cynarin, caffeic acid, and luteolin concentrations were higher by 204%, 462%, 580%, and 445% in cardoon leaf tissue than in that of artichoke. An improvement of leaf quality (total polyphenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids) was obtained at the expense of leaf yield through the use of lower fertilizer concentrations in the nutrient solution.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nutrient solution concentration increased artichoke leaf dry biomass and leaf number.
- Taxon
- artichoke
Cynara cardunculus var. scolymuse0 - Organ / stage
- Leafe0
- Treatment
- increase in the nutrient solution concentratione0
- Outcome
- Leaf dry biomass, leaf numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf dry biomass, leaf number, and macroelement concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) of artichoke and cardoon increased in response to an increase in the nutrient solution concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nutrient solution concentration increased cardoon leaf dry biomass and leaf number.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Organ / stage
- Leafe0
- Treatment
- increase in the nutrient solution concentratione0
- Outcome
- Leaf dry biomass, leaf numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf dry biomass, leaf number, and macroelement concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) of artichoke and cardoon increased in response to an increase in the nutrient solution concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nutrient solution concentration increased artichoke leaf nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymuse0
- Treatment
- increase in the nutrient solution concentratione0
- Outcome
- macroelement concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf dry biomass, leaf number, and macroelement concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) of artichoke and cardoon increased in response to an increase in the nutrient solution concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nutrient solution concentration increased cardoon leaf nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Treatment
- increase in the nutrient solution concentratione0
- Outcome
- macroelement concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf dry biomass, leaf number, and macroelement concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) of artichoke and cardoon increased in response to an increase in the nutrient solution concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Artichoke leaf polyphenols, phenolic acids and luteolin showed the opposite trend with nutrient concentration.
- Taxon
- artichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymust0
- Treatment
- increase in the nutrient solution concentratione1
- Outcome
- total polyphenols, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, cynarin, and caffeic acid), and the flavonoid luteoline0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas an opposite trend was observed for the total polyphenols, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, cynarin, and caffeic acid), and the flavonoid luteolin”
t0“Artichoke and Cardoon”
e1“in response to an increase in the nutrient solution concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon leaf polyphenols, phenolic acids and luteolin showed the opposite trend with nutrient concentration.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculust0
- Treatment
- increase in the nutrient solution concentratione1
- Outcome
- total polyphenols, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, cynarin, and caffeic acid), and the flavonoid luteoline0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas an opposite trend was observed for the total polyphenols, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, cynarin, and caffeic acid), and the flavonoid luteolin”
t0“Artichoke and Cardoon”
e1“in response to an increase in the nutrient solution concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Artichoke reached maximum biomass production and leaf number at 45 mequiv·L −1.
- Taxon
- ArtichokeCynara cardunculus var. scolymuse0
- Treatment
- 45 and 54 mequiv·L −1e0
- Outcome
- maximum biomass production and leaf numbere0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 45e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Artichoke and cardoon gave maximum biomass production and leaf number at 45 and 54 mequiv·L −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon reached maximum biomass production and leaf number at 54 mequiv·L −1.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Outcome
- maximum biomass production and leaf numbere0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 54 mequiv·L −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Artichoke and cardoon gave maximum biomass production and leaf number at 45 and 54 mequiv·L −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon had higher biomass than artichoke, averaging 1.13 kg·m −2 versus 1.07 kg·m −2.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.13 kg·m −2e0
- Qualifier
- 1.07 kg·m −2e0
- Comparator
- artichokee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon showed higher biomass and leaf number (average 1.13 kg·m −2 and 14.0 n./plant, respectively) than those observed in artichoke (average 1.07 kg·m −2 and 12.7 n./plant, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon had more leaves than artichoke, averaging 14.0 versus 12.7 per plant.
- Taxon
- CardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Outcome
- leaf numbere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14.0 n./plante0
- Qualifier
- 12.7 n./plante0
- Comparator
- artichokee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cardoon showed higher biomass and leaf number (average 1.13 kg·m −2 and 14.0 n./plant, respectively) than those observed in artichoke (average 1.07 kg·m −2 and 12.7 n./plant, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon leaf chlorogenic acid concentration was 204% higher than artichoke.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee0
- Outcome
- chlorogenic acide0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 204%e0
- Comparator
- artichokee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorogenic acid, cynarin, caffeic acid, and luteolin concentrations were higher by 204%, 462%, 580%, and 445% in cardoon leaf tissue than in that of artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon leaf cynarin concentration was 462% higher than artichoke.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee0
- Outcome
- cynarine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 462%e0
- Comparator
- artichokee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorogenic acid, cynarin, caffeic acid, and luteolin concentrations were higher by 204%, 462%, 580%, and 445% in cardoon leaf tissue than in that of artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon leaf caffeic acid concentration was 580% higher than artichoke.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee0
- Outcome
- caffeic acide0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 580%e0
- Comparator
- artichokee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorogenic acid, cynarin, caffeic acid, and luteolin concentrations were higher by 204%, 462%, 580%, and 445% in cardoon leaf tissue than in that of artichoke”
Claim · model-written summary
Cardoon leaf luteolin concentration was 445% higher than artichoke.
- Taxon
- cardoonCynara cardunculuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee0
- Outcome
- luteolin concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 445%e0
- Comparator
- artichokee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorogenic acid, cynarin, caffeic acid, and luteolin concentrations were higher by 204%, 462%, 580%, and 445% in cardoon leaf tissue than in that of artichoke”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.