Abstract
The apoplast is the arena in which endophytic pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae grow and interact with plant cells. Using metabolomic and ion analysis techniques, this study shows how the composition of Phaseolus vulgaris leaf apoplastic fluid changes during the first six hours of compatible and incompatible interactions with two strains of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) that differ in the presence of the genomic island PPHGI-1. Leaf inoculation with the avirulent island-carrying strain Pph 1302A elicited effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and resulted in specific changes in apoplast composition, including increases in conductivity, pH, citrate, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and K(+) , that are linked to the onset of plant defence responses. Other apoplastic changes, including increases in Ca(2+) , Fe(2/3+) Mg(2+) , sucrose, β-cyanoalanine and several amino acids, occurred to a relatively similar extent in interactions with both Pph 1302A and the virulent, island-less strain Pph RJ3. Metabolic footprinting experiments established that Pph preferentially metabolizes malate, glucose and glutamate, but excludes certain other abundant apoplastic metabolites, including citrate and GABA, until preferred metabolites are depleted. These results demonstrate that Pph is well-adapted to the leaf apoplast metabolic environment and that loss of PPHGI-1 enables Pph to avoid changes in apoplast composition linked to plant defences.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Pph 1302A inoculation elicited effector-triggered immunity in bean leaves.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- Leaf inoculation with the avirulent island-carrying strain Pph 1302Ae0
- Interactor
- Pph 1302Ae0pathogen
- Outcome
- effector-triggered immunity (ETI)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Leaf inoculation with the avirulent island-carrying strain Pph 1302A elicited effector-triggered immunity (ETI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pph 1302A inoculation increased apoplast conductivity, pH, and citrate.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Leaf inoculation with the avirulent island-carrying strain Pph 1302Ae0
- Interactor
- Pph 1302Ae0pathogen
- Outcome
- conductivity, pH, citratee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Leaf inoculation with the avirulent island-carrying strain Pph 1302A elicited effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and resulted in specific changes in apoplast composition, including increases in conductivity, pH, citrate, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and K(+) , that are linked to the onset of plant defence responses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pph 1302A inoculation increased apoplast GABA and K(+).
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and K(+)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris and the halo blight pathogen Pseudomonas syringae Pv. phaseolicola”
e0“Leaf inoculation with the avirulent island-carrying strain Pph 1302A elicited effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and resulted in specific changes in apoplast composition, including increases in conductivity, pH, citrate, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and K(+) , that are linked to the onset of plant defence responses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both pathogen strains similarly increased apoplastic Ca(2+), Fe(2/3+), and Mg(2+).
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Pph 1302Ae0
- Interactor
- Pph 1302Ae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Pph RJ3e0pathogen
- Outcome
- Ca(2+) , Fe(2/3+) Mg(2+)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- Pph RJ3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Other apoplastic changes, including increases in Ca(2+) , Fe(2/3+) Mg(2+) , sucrose, β-cyanoalanine and several amino acids, occurred to a relatively similar extent in interactions with both Pph 1302A and the virulent, island-less strain Pph RJ3.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both pathogen strains similarly increased apoplastic sucrose, β-cyanoalanine, and several amino acids.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Pph 1302Ae0
- Interactor
- Pph 1302Ae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Pph RJ3e0pathogen
- Outcome
- sucrose, β-cyanoalanine and several amino acidse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- Pph RJ3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Other apoplastic changes, including increases in Ca(2+) , Fe(2/3+) Mg(2+) , sucrose, β-cyanoalanine and several amino acids, occurred to a relatively similar extent in interactions with both Pph 1302A and the virulent, island-less strain Pph RJ3.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pph preferentially metabolized malate, glucose, and glutamate.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Pphe0pathogen
- Outcome
- Pph preferentially metabolizes malate, glucose and glutamatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris”
e0“Metabolic footprinting experiments established that Pph preferentially metabolizes malate, glucose and glutamate”
Claim · model-written summary
Pph excluded citrate and GABA until preferred apoplast metabolites were depleted.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae Pv. phaseolicolaPseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicolat0pathogen
- Outcome
- excludes certain other abundant apoplastic metabolites, including citrate and GABAe0
- Qualifier
- until preferred metabolites are depletede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris and the halo blight pathogen Pseudomonas syringae Pv. phaseolicola”
e0“excludes certain other abundant apoplastic metabolites, including citrate and GABA, until preferred metabolites are depleted.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that loss of PPHGI-1 lets Pph avoid defence-linked changes in bean apoplast composition.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae Pv. phaseolicolaPseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicolat0pathogen
- Gene
- PPHGI-1e0
- Outcome
- avoid changes in apoplast composition linked to plant defencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris and the halo blight pathogen Pseudomonas syringae Pv. phaseolicola”
e0“loss of PPHGI-1 enables Pph to avoid changes in apoplast composition linked to plant defences.”
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See all 68 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.